Newquay Cornwall Airport (IATA: NQY, ICAO: EGHQ) is the main commercial airport
for Cornwall, United Kingdom, located at Mawgan in Pydar 4 NM (7.4 km; 4.6 mi)
northeast of Newquay on Cornwall's north coast. Its runway was previously
operated by RAF St Mawgan before the runway was handed over in December 2008.
The airport is located close to attractions such as The Eden Project, and Tate
St Ives. It is also close to the city of Truro.
Newquay has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence that allows flights for the
public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.
The runway is able to take the very largest and fastest of civil and military
aircraft, having been built and maintained for decades as a United States Air
Force (USAF) strategic nuclear bomber base[citation needed]. With the end of the
Cold War and changes in American political priorities, the Americans will be
pulling out of all involvement with the base by the end of 2009. The last RAF
flying squadron based at St Mawgan was 203(R) Squadron which operated as the Sea
King Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) and has now moved to RAF Valley in Wales.
British government policies and resources alone could no longer sustain the
Royal Air Force (RAF) involvement, but Cornwall has been left with a
well-equipped facility, with the runway capable of handling aircraft such as the
Airbus A380 and Boeing 747.
Looking over the ramp at some of the airlines that serve NQY in Summer 2007The
new terminal extension has increased the terminal size by 20%, and was opened in
2006. This means the airport can handle as many as 450,000 passengers a year.
The airport is continuing to grow, due to popularity and increased flights, now
known to be one of the fastest growing regional facilities in the UK. In January
2008, Cornwall County Council approved plans for an expanded arrivals hall and
departure lounge; a new retail outlet; a business lounge and new airfield
structures CAA, which were needed to gain the civil license. In May 2008, the
new arrivals and baggage reclaim area was opened; now allowing both domestic and
international flights to simultaneously be processed unlike the old arrivals
hall. This also added a gate to the departures lounge.
The expansion of the airport has been criticised by a number of environmental
groups. This opposition is based not only on environmental concerns (given that
the majority of flights are short-haul and to destinations that could be served
by rail), but also socio-economic concerns that airport expansion will lead to a
greater demand for second homes in Cornwall, adding to already inflated local
house prices.[3]
In November 2008, amidst the airport troubles, Newquay Airport released their
draft master plan; outlying their plans for the airport until 2030.[4]
The new control tower at Newquay Cornwall Airport as of 29 July 2008.[edit]
History of the airfield and the RAF withdrawal
The airfield was originally opened in 1933 as a civilian facility, but was
requisitioned at the outbreak of World War II and named RAF Trebelzue to support
other bases in the Cornwall area. The base was then renamed RAF St Mawgan 1943,
after expansion. The facility was then handed to the USAAF where a number of
improvements took place, including the building of a new control tower and
expansion of the current runway. The airfield was then put under maintenance in
1947, and reopened as a Coastal Command base in 1951. Since 1951, the base has
seen various squadrons based; including 22 Sqn., 203 Sqn. 220 Sqn. (later
renamed 201), 228 Sqn. (later renamed 206), both Long Range Reconnaissance
Squadrons, 42 Sqn., 7 Sqn., 2625 Sqn (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) and 1 Sqn. (RAF
Regiment) - the latter two have since been disbanded, with the others relocated
or closed. In 2005, RAF St Mawgan was one of the bases shortlisted to house the
new Joint Combat Aircraft (JCA) in 2013, but in November 2005, it was announced
by Minister of State for the Armed Forces Adam Ingram, that the operation would
be based from Scotland. Helicopter maintenance (HMF) also ceased here in late
2006.
The flying operations at the RAF St Mawgan, (on the opposite side of the runway
to the civil terminal) ceased in December 2008.
[edit] Transition to fully civilian airport
In late 2008 the airport closed for the period from 1 December until 19
December. This was to allow extra time for the take over the airfield navigation
services (i.e. Air Traffic Control/Fire Services) from RAF St Mawgan and to
fully meet CAA standards. Following further inspections by the CAA, flights
recommenced on 20 December 2008. By virtue a recent Statutory Instrument issued
on 22nd September 2009, Newquay Airport will from the coming in force of this
instrument on 1st November 2009 be subject to current airport byelaws, as per
Section 63 of the Airports Act 1986[5]
[edit] Passenger fee
In 2006 the airport introduced a £5 per passenger airport development fee,
payable by all departing passengers via an ATM type machine prior to passing
security.[6] This resulted in Monarch Airlines axing its route from the airport
(to Málaga) and Ryanair reducing the number of flights, though this was later
restored.
[edit] Airlines and destinations
Airlines Destinations
Air Southwest Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Glasgow-International, Grenoble [seasonal],
Leeds/Bradford, London-City, London-Gatwick, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne
Bmibaby East Midlands [begins 28 May], Manchester [seasonal]
Flybe Edinburgh [seasonal], Isle of Man [seasonal], London-Gatwick
Isles of Scilly Skybus Isles of Scilly, Saint-Brieuc
Jet2.com Belfast-International [seasonal],Leeds/Bradford [seasonal]
Lufthansa Regional operated by Eurowings Düsseldorf [seasonal]
Ryanair Alicante, London Stansted [restarts 28 March]
[edit] See also
Newquay Cornwall Airport Fire and Rescue Service
[edit] References
^ Newquay - EGHQ
^ UK Airport Statistics: 2008 - annual
^ Groundswell Cornwall, Newquay Airport The Case Examined, revised October 2007.
Accessed February 9, 2008.
^ The Newquay Cornwall Airport Draft Masterplan
^ The Airports Byelaws (Designation) Order SI 2576/2009
^ Airport Development Fee
[edit] External links
Newquay Cornwall Airport - Official website
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Durham Tees Valley · East Midlands · Exeter · Humberside · Leeds-Bradford ·
Liverpool · Manchester · Newcastle · Newquay · Norwich · Plymouth · Southampton
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newquay_Cornwall_Airport"
Categories: Airports in Cornwall
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with
unsourced statements from October 2007
A car rental or car hire agency is a company that rents automobiles for short
periods of time (generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee.
It is an elaborate form of a rental shop, often organized with numerous local
branches (which allow a user to return a vehicle to a different location), and
primarily located near airports or busy city areas and often complemented by a
website allowing online reservations.
Car rental agencies primarily serve people who have a car that is temporarily
out of reach or out of service, for example travellers who are out of town or
owners of damaged or destroyed vehicles who are awaiting repair or insurance
compensation. Because of the variety of sizes of their vehicles, car rental
agencies may also serve the self-moving industry needs, by renting vans or
trucks, and in certain markets other types of vehicles such as motorcycles or
scooters may also be offered.
Alongside the basic rental of a vehicle, car rental agencies typically also
offer extra products such as insurance, global positioning satellite (GPS)
navigation systems, entertainment systems, and even such things as mobile
phones.
Car rental companies operate by purchasing or leasing a number of fleet
vehicles and renting them to their customers for a fee. Rental fleets can be
structured in several ways – they can be owned outright (these are known as
‘risk vehicles’ because the car rental operator is taking a risk on how much the
vehicle will be sold for when it is removed from service), they can be leased,
or they can be owned under a guaranteed buy-back program arranged directly
through a manufacturer or manufacturer’s financial arm (these are known as
‘repurchase vehicles’ because the manufacturer outlines the exact price of
original sale and of repurchase at the end of a defined term).[1]
At the end of a rental vehicle's useful life, rental companies will often sell
them into the used car market to dealers across the country via several methods,
including direct-to-dealer and via specialized wholesale auctions companies
(such as Manheim Auctions in the USA). Dealers generally will go through an
inspection of the vehicles to make sure they comply with the safety standards of
that dealership and then sell the car to the public. Many of these are known as
program vehicles in the representation by the selling dealer.[citation needed]
[edit] Rental conditions
Car rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another.
The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum
driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some
companies set a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as
high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's
license is much lower. In all cases a valid, current driver's license is
required in order to rent a vehicle.
Recent conditions have utilized GPS technology to limit maximum speeds [2] or
driving to specific regions. Renewable fuel vehicles are available in certain
areas.[3]
The vast majority of car rental companies require the use of a credit card to
make it easier for them to trace a person should they attempt to steal a car, or
to charge additional fees at will if a defect is later found with the car.
[edit] Insurance / Waivers
It is typical, when renting a car, to be offered various forms of supplemental
insurance and/or waivers as an optional extra at additional cost. There are
several types of coverage:
Loss Damage Waiver (LDW) - sometimes also referred to as Collision Damage Waiver
(CDW) - covers the costs of damage to a vehicle in the event of an accident. In
some countries the purchase of LDW covers all costs after an "excess" fee has
been paid (e.g. all costs are covered after the first $500). Often a "Super"
insurance product may be available which makes this excess amount zero. Note
that LDW/CDW coverage is not insurance and does not offer the same coverage as a
damage insurance policy [4].
Supplemental Liability Insurance (SLI) - a product often sold in the USA which
provides coverage in the event of an accident causing bodily injury or property
damage to someone other than the renter and passengers.
Personal Accident Insurance (PAI)- covers medical costs and accidental death for
the renter and passengers in the event of an accident during the rental.
Personal Effects Coverage (PEC) - insures against risk of loss or damage to the
personal belongings of the renter (and sometimes the members of the renter's
family while traveling with the renter) during the period of the rental.
Excess Insurance - When a car is hired in the UK, Ireland, Europe, Africa, New
Zealand, Australia, and most of the Middle and Far East, CDW, Theft and Third
Party Liability are generally included in the car rental price. There is almost
always an Excess (also referred to as Super CDW, Non Waiver or Deductible) on
the CDW and Theft portions of the rental. The Excess can range from about £500
to £1,600 and is the portion of the loss that that the renter is responsible
for, regardless of which supplemental insurance / waiver products have been
purchased. Excess is just starting to be charged in the USA, it is sometimes
charged in Canada, and it is generally charged in the Caribbean, Central and
South America. Excess insurance is a secondary insurance (only in place with the
CDW and SLI cover) and provides coverage to the renter for the excess amount.[5]
In the USA, the sale of these supplemental insurance/waiver products may be
regulated by each states' insurance departments and a special limited license
may be required by the rental company in order to sell them. [6] The specific
coverage offered can differ substantially depending on the State or Country in
which the car is rented.
[edit] Car classification
To allow for a uniform classification and easy comparison of car rental prices,
the Association of Car Rental Industry Systems and Standards (ACRISS) has
developed the ACRISS Car Classification Code coding system. This describes the
size, door count, gearbox type
Cornwall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation).
Cornwall
Kernow
Flag
Motto of County Council: Onen hag oll (Cornish)
One and all
Geography
Status Ceremonial county & (smaller) Unitary district
Origin Historic
Region South West England
Area
- Total
- Admin. council
- Admin. area Ranked 12th
3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi)
Ranked 2nd
3,546 km2 (1,369 sq mi)
Admin HQ Truro
ISO 3166-2 GB-CON
ONS code 00HE
NUTS 3 UKK30
Demography
Population
- Total (2008 est.[1])
- Density
- Admin. council Ranked 39th
534,300
150 /km2 (388/sq mi)
Ranked 4th
Ethnicity 99.0% White, 1% Other
Politics
Cornwall Council
http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/
Executive Liberal Democrat
Members of Parliament 5[show]
Colin Breed (LD)
Andrew George (LD)
Julia Goldsworthy (LD)
Dan Rogerson (LD)
Matthew Taylor (LD)
Districts
Cornwall Council (unitary)
Isles of Scilly (sui generis unitary)
Cornwall (pronounced /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/, Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]) is a county of
England in the United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of
Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to
the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over
the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly Cornwall has a population of
534,300, and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi).[1][2] The administrative
centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and
Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age
peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Celts. There is little evidence that
Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found.
Cornwall was afterwards part of the Brythonic (Celtic) area of Dumnonia,
separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict
with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in 936 A.D.
set the boundary between English and Cornish people at the Tamar.[3] Today,
Cornwall's economy struggles after the decline of the mining and fishing
industries, and has become more dependent on tourism: however some decline in
this has also occurred.[clarification needed] The area is noted for its wild
moorland landscapes, its extensive and varied coastline and its mild climate.
Cornwall is recognised as one of the "Celtic nations" by many Cornish people,
residents and organisations.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] It retains a distinct
cultural identity, reflecting its history, and modern use of the formerly
extinct Cornish language is increasing.[11] Some people question the present
constitutional status of Cornwall, and a self-government movement seeks greater
autonomy within the UK.[12]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods
2.2 Conflict with Wessex
2.3 Norman period
2.4 Later medieval administration and society
3 Christianity in Cornwall
3.1 The Church in Cornwall in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times
3.2 The Middle Ages
3.3 Religious history from the Reformation to the Victorian period
4 Physical geography
4.1 The north and south coasts
4.2 Inland areas
4.3 The Lizard Peninsula
4.4 Ecology
4.5 Climate
5 Politics and administration
5.1 Cornish political parties
5.2 The question of Cornwall's constitutional status
5.2.1 Contemporary political parties
6 Settlements and communication
7 Flag
8 Economy
8.1 Tourism
8.2 Other industries
9 Demographics
10 Languages and dialects
10.1 Cornish language
10.2 English dialect
11 Culture
11.1 Visual arts
11.2 Music and festivals
11.3 Fiction
11.4 Poetry
11.5 Other literary works
11.6 Sports and games
11.7 Surfing and other water sports
11.8 Indoor games
11.9 Cuisine
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
[edit] Etymology
"Cornweallas" in the Anglo-Saxon ChronicleThe name Cornwall comes from combining
two different terms from separate languages. The Roman term for the Celtic tribe
which inhabited what is now Cornwall at the time of Roman rule in Britain,
Cornovii, came from a Brythonic tribal name which gave modern Cornish Kernow,
also known as Corneu to the Brythons.[13] This could be from either of two
sources; the common Celtic root cern, or the Latin cornu, both of which mean
"horn" or "peninsula", suggestive of the shape of Cornwall's landmass. There is
a problem with this theory however. At least two other known Celtic tribes bore
the name Cornovii, one tribe in Caithness which may also be considered a
"headland" or "horn-land", yet another, the principal tribe known to the Romans
as Cornovii lived in the West Midlands and Powys areas, calling into question
the derivation of the name from a peninsula (however Celtic tribes were not
necessarily permanently settled and the Latin forms may be based on different
British names).[14] Another theory suggests that the name of the Cornovii tribes
may well be connected to totemic worship of the "horned god" such as the Gaulish
Cernunnos or a similar totemic cult. Nevertheless, the Cornovii were
sufficiently established in the present day area recognised as Cornwall for
their territory to be recorded as Cornubia by AD 700, and remained as such into
the Middle Ages. The Ravenna Cosmography, of around 700, makes reference to
Purocoronavis, (almost certainly a corruption of Durocornovium), 'a fort or
walled settlement of the Cornovii', (unidentified, but possibly Tintagel or Carn
Brea).[15][16]
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the name Cornubia became corrupted by
extensive changes in the Old English language.[17] The Anglo-Saxons provided the
suffix wealas, meaning "foreigners", creating the term Corn-wealas. Some
historians note that this was the word for Wales, however it is understood that
the term applied instead to all Brythonic peoples and lands, who were considered
foreign by the Anglo-Saxons. As Cornwall was known as West Wales (as being west
of Wessex) and present-day Cumbria as North Wales during those times, the
"Wales" meaning is probable: this is because the word 'wealhas' is Anglo-Saxon
for foreigners.
[edit] History
Main articles: History of Cornwall and Timeline of Cornish history
Mên-an-Tol.[edit] Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods
See also: Dumnonia and Kingdom of Cornwall
The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain
after the last Ice Age. During the British Iron Age Cornwall, like all of
Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as
the Britons. The Celtic British language spoken at the time eventually developed
into several distinct tongues, including Cornish.[15] The first account of
Cornwall comes from the Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (c.90 BC–ca.
30 BC), supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the fourth-century BC geographer
Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain:
The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from
their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life.
They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced
... Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to
Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring
their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône.
– [18]
Celtic tribes of Southern BritainThe identity of these merchants is unknown.
There has been a theory that they were Phoenicians, however there is no evidence
for this.[19] (For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the
economy below.)
There is a theory that once silver was extracted from the copper ores of
Cornwall in pre-Roman times, as silver is easily converted to its chloride (AgCl)
by surface waters containing chlorine.[20] After a period of Roman rule,
Cornwall reverted to independent Celtic chieftains.
[edit] Conflict with Wessex
The chronology of English dominance over Cornwall is unclear. In the 8th century
Cornwall came into conflict with the expanding kingdom of Wessex. There are no
recorded charters or legal agreements showing Cornwall as part of Wessex.[21]
Furthermore, there is little economic, military, social, cultural or
archaeological evidence that Wessex established control over Cornwall, although
some historians, notably Michael Swanton,[22] and Malcolm Todd[23] assert to the
contrary.
The Annales Cambriae report that in 722 AD the Britons of Cornwall won a battle
at Hehil. Annales Cambriae However, it is not stated whether the Cornish fought
the West Saxons or some other enemy. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states in 815
(adjusted date) "& þy geare gehergade Ecgbryht cyning on West Walas from
easteweardum oþ westewearde."..."and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in
Cornwall from east to west." and thenceforth apparently held it as a ducatus or
dukedom annexed to his regnum or kingdom of Wessex, but not wholly incorporated
with it.[24] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles states that in 825 (adjusted date) a
battle was fought involving the "Welsh", presumably those of Cornwall, and the
Defnas (men of Devon). It only states:- "The Westwealas (Cornish) and the Defnas
(men of Devon) fought at Gafulforda". However, there is no mention of who won or
who lost, whether the men of Cornwall and Devon were fighting each other or on
the same side, and no mention of Egbert. This is the only record of this battle.
In the same year Ecgbert, as a later document phrases it, "disposed of their
territory as it seemed fit to him, giving a tenth part of it to God." In other
words he incorporated Cornwall ecclesiastically with the West Saxon diocese of
Sherborne, and endowed Ealhstan, his fighting bishop, who took part in the
campaign, with an extensive Cornish estate consisting of Callington and
Lawhitton, both in the Tamar valley, and Pawton near Padstow.
In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert at
Hengestesdune (Anglo-Saxon Chronicles): an unknown location (various places have
been suggested over the years from Hengistbury Head in Dorset, Hingston Down,
Devon to Hingston Down in Cornwall). Around the 880s Anglo-Saxons from Wessex
had established modest land holdings in the eastern part of Cornwall, notably
Alfred the Great had acquired a few estates.[25] William of Malmesbury, writing
around 1120, says that King Athelstan of England (924–939) fixed the boundary
between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the River Tamar.
[edit] Norman period
One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that by this time the native Cornish
landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English
landowners, the largest of whom was Harold Godwinson himself. However, this is
highly questionable: The Bodmin manumissions show that two leading Cornish
figures, nominally had Saxon names, but these were both glossed with native
Cornish names. This suggests that Saxon names in Cornwall indicate not
ethnicity, but preferences in naming, perhaps as means to establish membership
of a pro-Saxon ruling class.
However, after the Norman conquest most of the land was seized and transferred
into the hands of a new Breton-Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going
to Robert, Count of Mortain, half-brother of King William and the largest
landholder in England after the king.[26] Ultimately this aristocracy eventually
became a Cornu-Norman ruling class, a phenomenon closely resembling the
situation in the rest of England, and later in Ireland.
[edit] Later medieval administration and society
Subsequently however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornu-Norman
elite. These families eventually became the new ruling class of Cornwall
(typically speaking Norman French, Cornish, Latin and eventually English), many
becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, Earldom
and eventually the Duchy.[27] The Cornish language continued to be spoken and it
acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate
language from Breton. Cornwall showed a very different type of settlement
pattern from that of Saxon Wessex and places continued, even after 1066, to be
named in the Celtic Cornish tradition with Saxon architecture being uncommon.
The earliest record for any Anglo-Saxon place-names west of the Tamar is around
1040: they are particularly noticeable in the north-east of the county.[15]
[edit] Christianity in Cornwall
Main article: Christianity in Cornwall
See also: List of Cornish saints
Many place names in Cornwall are associated with Christian missionaries
described as coming from Ireland and Wales in the fifth century AD and usually
called saints (See List of Cornish saints). The historicity of some of these
missionaries is problematic[28] and it has been pointed out by Canon Doble that
it was customary in the Middle Ages to ascribe such geographic origins to
saints.[29] Some of these saints are not included in the early lists of
saints.[30]
St Piran, after whom Perranporth is named, is generally regarded as the patron
saint of Cornwall.[31] However in earlier times it is likely that St Michael the
Archangel was recognized as the patron saint and the title has also been claimed
for St Petroc.
[edit] The Church in Cornwall in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times
The church in Cornwall until the time of Athelstan of Wessex observed more or
less orthodox practices, being completely separate from the Anglo-Saxon church
until then (and perhaps later). The See of Cornwall continued until much later:
Bishop Conan apparently in place previously, but (re-?)consecrated in 931 AD by
Athelstan. However, it is unclear whether he was the sole Bishop for Cornwall or
the leading Bishop in the area. The situation in Cornwall may have been somewhat
similar to Wales where each major religious house corresponded to a cantref
(this has the same meaning as Cornish kevrang) both being under the supervision
of a Bishop.[32] However if this was so the status of kevrangow before the time
of King Athelstan is not recorded.
[edit] The Middle Ages
It is notable that in Cornwall that most of the parish churches in existence in
Norman times were generally not in the larger settlements and that the medieval
towns which developed thereafter usually had only a chapel of ease with the
right of burial remaining at the ancient parish church.[33] Over a hundred holy
wells exist in Cornwall, each associated with a particular saint, though not
always the same one as the dedication of the church.[34][35]
Various kinds of religious houses existed in medieval Cornwall though none of
them were nunneries; the benefices of the parishes were in many cases
appropriated to religious houses within Cornwall or elsewhere in England or
France.[36]
[edit] Religious history from the Reformation to the Victorian period
In the sixteenth century there was some violent resistance to the replacement of
Catholicism with Protestantism in the Prayer Book Rebellion.[37]. The Cornish,
amongst other reasons, objected to the English language Book of Common Prayer,
protesting that the English language was still unknown to many at the time. The
Prayer Book Rebellion was a cultural and social disaster for Cornwall, the
reprisals taken by the forces of the Crown have been estimated to account for
10-11% of the civilian population of Cornwall. Culturally speaking, it saw the
beginning of the slow "death" of Cornish language.
From the early nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century Methodism was the leading
form of Christianity in Cornwall but is now in decline.[38][39] The Church of
England was in the majority from the reign of Queen Elizabeth until the
Methodist revival of the 19th century: before the Wesleyan missions dissenters
were very few in Cornwall. The county remained within the Diocese of Exeter
until 1876 when the Anglican Diocese of Truro was created[40][41](the first
Bishop was appointed in 1877). Roman Catholicism was virtually extinct in
Cornwall after the 17th century except for a few families such as the Arundells
of Lanherne. From the mid-19th century the church reestablished episcopal sees
in England, one of these being at Plymouth.[42] Since then immigration to
Cornwall has brought more Roman Catholics into the population.
[edit] Physical geography
Main articles: Geography of Cornwall and Geology of Cornwall
Satellite image of CornwallCornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of
the island of Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the
prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed
mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs.
Cornwall has a border with only one other county, Devon.
[edit] The north and south coasts
The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast is
more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically named High
Cliff, between Boscastle and St Gennys, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in
Cornwall at 223 metres (730 ft) [43]. However, there are also many extensive
stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches that are so important to
the tourist industry, such as those at Bude, Polzeath, Watergate Bay,
Perranporth, Porthtowan, Fistral Beach, Newquay, St Agnes, St Ives, and on the
south coast Gyllyngvase beach in Falmouth. There are two river estuaries on the
north coast: Hayle Estuary and the estuary of the River Camel, which provides
Padstow and Rock with a safe harbour. The south coast, dubbed the "riviera", is
more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages,
such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of
coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform.
St Michael's Mount in Marazion.[edit] Inland areas
The interior of the county consists of a roughly east-west spine of infertile
and exposed upland, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor,
which contains the highest land within Cornwall. From east to west, and with
approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, the area north of St
Austell, the area south of Camborne, and the Penwith or Land's End peninsula.
These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops of south-west
Britain, which include Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to
the west, the latter now being partially submerged.
Cornwall is known for its beaches and rugged coastline.The intrusion of the
granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive
metamorphism and mineralization, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most
important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is thought Tin
was mined here as early as the Bronze Age, and copper, lead, zinc and silver
have all been mined in Cornwall. Alteration of the granite also gave rise to
extensive deposits of China Clay, especially in the area to the north of St
Austell, and the extraction of this remains an important industry.
The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly pastoral farmland. Near the
south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for flora that
like shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas lie mainly on Devonian
sandstone and slate. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks
known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe
folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in several
other locations.
[edit] The Lizard Peninsula
The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual, in that it is mainland Britain's
only example of an ophiolite, a section of oceanic crust now found on land.[44]
Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red Precambrian serpentine
rock, which forms spectacular cliffs, notably at Kynance Cove, and carved and
polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops. This ultramafic rock
also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the
interior of the peninsula. This is home to rare plants, such as the Cornish
Heath, which has been adopted as the county flower.[45]
[edit] Ecology
See also: Flora and fauna of Cornwall
Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One of
the lower plant forms in decline locally is the Reindeer lichen, which species
has been made a priority for protection under the national UK Biodiversity
Action Plan. [46][47]
Red-billed chough: P. p. pyrrhocoraxThe birds of the coast are well worth
observing: in 1935 an anonymous writer on Tintagel mentions Willapark as the
scene of spectacular flocks of seabirds (eight species); inland he describes the
crows (including the Cornish chough and the raven) and falcons which frequent
the district. 'E.M.S.' contributes: "Within easy reach of Tintagel at least 385
varieties of flowers, 30 kinds of grasses, and 16 of ferns can be found ... a
'happy hunting ground' for botanists" and a list of thirty-nine of the rarest is
given.[48] (by the 1950s there were no longer choughs to be seen). This bird is
emblematic of Cornwall and is also said to embody the spirit of King Arthur. B.
H. Ryves mentions the razorbill as numerous at Tintagel (perhaps the largest
colony in the county) and summarises reports from earlier in the century.[49]
Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two vice-counties: West (1) and East
(2). The standard flora is by F. H. Davey Flora of Cornwall (1909). Davey was
assisted by A. O. Hume and he thanks Hume, his companion on excursions in
Cornwall and Devon, and for help in the compilation of that Flora, publication
of which was financed by him.
[edit] Climate
Cornwall is the southernmost part of Britain, and therefore has a relatively
warm and sunny climate. Winters are mild, and frost and snow are very rare away
from the central upland areas. The average annual temperature for most of
Cornwall is 9.8 to 12 degrees Celsius (49.6 to 53.6 °F), with slightly lower
temperatures at higher altitude.[50] Cornwall is exposed to mild, moist westerly
winds from the Atlantic Ocean and has relatively high rainfall, though less than
more northern areas of the west coast of Britain, at 1051 to 1290 mm (41.4 to
50.8 in) per year.[51] Most of Cornwall enjoys over 1541 hours of sunshine per
year.[52]
[hide]Weather data for Truro, Cornwall
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average high °C (°F) 8
(46) 8
(46) 10
(50) 12
(54) 15
(59) 17
(63) 19
(66) 19
(66) 17
(63) 14
(57) 11
(52) 9
(48)
Average low °C (°F) 5
(41) 4
(39) 5
(41) 6
(43) 8
(46) 11
(52) 13
(55) 14
(57) 12
(54) 10
(50) 7
(45) 6
(43)
Precipitation mm (inches) 81
(3.19) 63
(2.48) 49
(1.93) 54
(2.13) 40
(1.57) 47
(1.85) 48
(1.89) 51
(2.01) 57
(2.24) 87
(3.43) 87
(3.43) 78
(3.07)
Source: Foreca[53] 2008
[edit] Politics and administration
Main article: Politics of Cornwall
TRURORedruthFalmouthPenzanceSt IvesHayleCamborneHelstonNewquaySt
AustellBodminWadebridgeSaltashLiskeardLauncestonBudeMajor settlements of
CornwallWith the exception of the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall is now governed by a
unitary authority known as the Cornwall Council based in Truro. Cornwall's
Courts of Justice are also located in Truro.
The Isles of Scilly form part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall and have, at
times, been served by the same county administration. However, since 1890, they
have been administered by their own unitary authority, now known as the Council
of the Isles of Scilly. They are still grouped with Cornwall for other
administrative purposes, such as the National Health Service and Devon and
Cornwall Police.[54][55][56]
Prior to reorganisation on 1 April 2009, council functions throughout the rest
of Cornwall were organised on a two-tier basis, with a county council and
district councils for the six districts of Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North
Cornwall, Penwith, and Restormel. While projected to streamline services, cut
red tape and save around £17 million a year, the reorganisation was met with
wide opposition, with a poll in 2008 giving a result of 89% disapproval from
Cornish residents.[57][58][59]
The first elections for the new unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009. The
new council has 123 seats; the largest party is the Conservative Party with 50,
followed by the Liberal Democrats with 38, Independents with 32 and Mebyon
Kernow with 3 seats.[60]
Prior to the creation of the new unitary council, the former county council had
82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at
the 2005 county council elections. The six former districts in Cornwall had a
total of 249 council seats, and the numerically largest groups represented on
them were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, and Independents.
Cornwall currently elects five MPs to the House of Commons of the United
Kingdom, all of whom are Liberal Democrats as from the 2005 general election. A
reshuffle of parliamentary boundaries will create a sixth parliamentary
constituency in Cornwall which will be fought for the first time at the next
British general election due in 2010. Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs-–more than
any other county-–reflecting the importance of tin to the Crown.[61] Most of the
increase came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until
1832.[62] The chief registered parties contesting elections in Cornwall are
Conservatives, Greens, Labour, Liberal Democrats, Mebyon Kernow, Liberal Party
and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In July 2007, Conservative
leader David Cameron appointed Mark Prisk to the newly-created post of Shadow
Minister for Cornwall.[63]
Cornwall Council's headquarters in TruroThere is a growing call within Cornwall
for greater self-rule. Cornwall Council's Feb 2003 MORI poll showed 55% in
favour of an elected, fully-devolved regional assembly for Cornwall and 13%
against. (Previous result :46% in favour in 2002). However the poll also showed
that 72% were in favour of a "South West Regional Assembly. [64] The Cornish
Constitutional Convention[12] advocates the creation of a Cornish Assembly,
along the lines of those for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and in 2001
presented a petition to the then Prime minister, Tony Blair calling for the
change. It is claimed that many of the duchy residents are calling a high degree
of autonomy within England, or a split from England, creating a fifth home
nation of the United Kingdom.[65] and/or a separate Cornish Development Agency,
a result of discontent with the South West Regional Development Agency.
[edit] Cornish political parties
Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties: Mebyon Kernow,
formed in 1951, and the Cornish Nationalist Party. In addition to the political
parties, there are various interest groups such as the Cornish Stannary
Parliament and the Celtic League. In November 2000, the Cornish Constitutional
Convention was formed to campaign for a Cornish Assembly. It is a cross-party
organisation including representatives from the private, public, and voluntary
sectors, of all political parties and none. Between 5 March 2000 and December
2001, the campaign collected the signatures of 41,650 Cornish residents
endorsing the declaration for a devolved regional Cornish Assembly, along with
8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall.[12] In 2003 a MORI poll showed 55 per
cent of respondents favoured establishing a regional assembly for Cornwall.[66]
The campaign also has the support of all five Cornish Lib Dem MPs and Mebyon
Kernow.[67]
See also: Cornish self-government movement
[edit] The question of Cornwall's constitutional status
Main article: Constitutional status of Cornwall
The question of Cornwall's constitutional status as a county of England, as
established by the Local Government Act 1888, a Duchy, i.e. the Duchy of
Cornwall established in 1337 by Edward III of England for his son, Edward,
Prince of Wales, or another constitutional entity of the United Kingdom is a
complex one. In recent years there has been cross-party recognition of the issue
at least as far as the calls for a Cornish Assembly are concerned. In addition
there are also groups and individuals, including Mebyon Kernow, the Cornish
Constitutional Convention,[65] and John Angarrack,[68] who reject the present
constitutional status of Cornwall, refuting the legality of Cornwall's current
administration as a county of England, and Cornwall's relationship to the Duchy
of Cornwall.
[edit] Contemporary political parties
In 2007 David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, in a departure from the
Conservative Party's traditionally unionist stance, appointed Cornishman Mark
Prisk as "Shadow Minister for Cornwall". The Liberal Party recognise Cornwall's
claims for greater autonomy as do the Liberal Democrats.
"The new single council is also the opportunity to gain more control over local
issues from regional and national
Government bureaucrats – the first step on our way to a Cornish Assembly." - The
Liberal Democrat Manifesto for 2009 [2]
The Cornish civic nationalist party Mebyon Kernow also bases much of its policy
on greater civic autonomy for Cornwall.
An additional political issue is the rights of the Cornish people as a
minority.[69]
[edit] Settlements and communication
See also: Transport in Cornwall and Media in Cornwall
Truro, Cornwall's administrative centreCornwall's only city, and the home of the
council headquarters, is Truro. Nearby Falmouth is notable as a port, while the
ports at Penzance, the most westerly town in England, St Ives and Padstow have
declined. Newquay on the north coast is famous for its beaches and is a popular
surfing destination, as is Bude further north. St Austell is Cornwall's largest
town and is interestingly larger than the capital Truro, and a centre of the
china clay industry. Redruth and Camborne together form the largest urban area
in Cornwall, and both towns were significant as centres of the global tin mining
industry.
Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar. Major road links
between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the A38 which crosses the
Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and the town of Saltash, the A39 road
(Atlantic Highway) from Barnstaple, passing through North Cornwall to end
eventually in Falmouth, and the A30 which crosses the border south of
Launceston. A car ferry also links Plymouth with the town of Torpoint on the
opposite side of the Hamoaze. A rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge, built by
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859) provides the only other major transport link. The
major city of Plymouth being the nearest large urban centre to east Cornwall
makes it an important location for such services as hospitals, department
stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues.
Newquay Airport provides an airlink to the rest of the UK, Ireland and Europe.
Cardiff and Swansea, across the Bristol Channel, are connected to Cornwall by
ferry, usually to Padstow. Swansea in particular has several boat companies who
can arrange boat trips to north Cornwall, which allow the traveller to pass by
the north Cornish coastline, including Tintagel Castle and Padstow harbour. Very
occasionally, the Waverley and Balmoral paddle steamers cruise from Swansea or
Bristol to Padstow.
The Isles of Scilly are served by ferry (from Penzance), helicopter (Penzance
Heliport) and fixed wing aeroplane (Land's End Airport, near St Just) and from
Newquay Airport. Further flights to St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, are available
from Exeter International Airport in Devon.
[edit] Flag
Main article: Saint Piran's Flag
Souvenir flags outside a Cornish caféSaint Piran's Flag is regarded as the
national flag of Cornwall, and an emblem of the Cornish people; and by others as
the county flag. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black
background. Saint Piran is supposed to have adopted these two colours from
seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his supposed discovery
of tin. Davies Gilbert in 1826 described it as anciently the flag of St Piran
and the banner of Cornwall,[70] and another history of 1880 said that: "The
white cross of St. Piran was the ancient banner of the Cornish people." The
Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton national flag (black
cross) and is known by the same name " Kroaz Du".
There are also claims that the patron saint of Cornwall is Saint Michael or
Saint Petroc, but Saint Piran is by far the most popular of the three and his
emblem is internationally[71][72] recognised as the flag of Cornwall. St Piran's
Day (5 March) is celebrated by the Cornish diaspora around the world.
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Cornwall
Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall, and the third-largest natural
harbour in the world.
The Eden Project, Cornwall's largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor
numbersCornwall is one of the poorest areas in the United Kingdom. The GVA per
head was 65% of the UK average for 2004.[73] The GDP per head for Cornwall and
the Scillies was 79.2 of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was
123.0.[74]
Historically tin mining was important in the Cornish economy. The first
reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: see above. Julius Caesar was the
last classical writer to mention the tin trade, which appears to have declined
during the Roman occupation.[75] The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages, and
the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 is attributed to tin miners.[76] In the
mid-nineteenth century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline.
Cornwall is one of four UK areas that qualifies for poverty-related grants from
the EU: it was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission, followed
by a further round of funding known as 'Convergence Funding'.
[edit] Tourism
Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its successful tourist industry,
which makes up around a quarter of the economy. The official measures of
deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is
great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the
poorest in England and others are among the top half in prosperity. For example,
the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation
ranges from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30, 899th (part of Saltash Burraton
in Caradon), where the lower number represents the greater deprivation.[77]
Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a
popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United
Kingdom's main centres of population. Surrounded on three sides by the English
Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs. Other
tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens, historic and prehistoric
sites and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly
drawn from within the UK.[78] Visitors to Cornwall are served by airports at
Newquay and Plymouth, whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also
served by Perranporth airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between
Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK.
Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years,
the Eden Project near St Austell has been a major financial success, drawing one
in eight of Cornwall's visitors.[79]
[edit] Other industries
Redruth Mine in 1890Other industries are fishing, although this has been
significantly re-structured by EU fishing policies, (the Southwest Handline
Fishermen's Association has started to revive the fishing industry),[80] and
agriculture, which has also declined significantly. Mining of tin and copper was
also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a World
Heritage Site[81] However, the Camborne School of Mines, which was relocated to
Penryn in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and
applied geology[82] and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding
for conservation and heritage tourism.[83] China clay extraction has also been
an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in
decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease
in employment in this sector.
In recent years Cornwall's creative industries have undergone significant
growth, thanks in part to Objective One funding[citation needed], as it is the
only British county poor enough to receive such money. There is now a
significant creative industry in Cornwall, encompassing areas like graphic
design, product design, web design, packaging design, environmental design,
architecture, photography, art and crafts.[citation needed]
[edit] Demographics
Graph showing Cornwall's population from 1800 to 2000Cornwall's population was
513,527 at the last count, and population density 144 people per square
kilometre, ranking it 40th and 41st respectively compared with the other 47
counties of England. Cornwall has a relatively high level of population growth,
however, at 11.2% in the 1980s and 5.3% in the 1990s, giving it the fifth
highest population growth of the English counties.[84] The natural change has
been a small population decline, and the population increase is due to
immigration into Cornwall.[85] According to the 1991 census, the population was
469,800.
Cornwall has a relatively high retired population, with 22.9% of pensionable
age, compared with 20.3% for the United Kingdom.[86] This may be due to a
combination of Cornwall's rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity
as a retirement location, and the emigration of younger residents to more
economically diverse areas. Immigration of pensioners from southern England to
Cornwall, and emigration of young Cornish people, are persistent concerns.
Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and diaspora, and is recognised
by many people and organisations—alongside Brittany, Ireland, the Isle of Man,
Scotland and Wales—as one of the six "Celtic nations", including the Celtic
League, Cornish Stannary Parliament, Mebyon Kernow, Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ),
Celtic Congress and the BBC, and, as one of the eight Celtic nations—the other
two being Asturias and Galicia—by the Isle of Man Government and the Welsh
Assembly Government.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][87] Cornwall is represented, as one
of the Celtic nations, at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient, a celebration
of Celtic culture held annually in Brittany.[88]
There is some ambiguity over how many of the people living in Cornwall consider
themselves to be Cornish, since results from different surveys (including the
national census) have given results varying from 7% to 79%.[citation needed]
Many people in Cornwall say that this issue would be resolved if a Cornish
option became available on the census.[89]
Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 state and 8 independent
secondary schools. There are three FE colleges - Penwith College (a former sixth
form college), Cornwall College (occupying the former home of the Camborne
School of Mines) and Truro College. The Isles of Scilly only has one school
while the former Restormel district has the highest school population, and
school year sizes are around 200, with none above 270.
Higher education is provided by University College Falmouth, the University of
Exeter (including Camborne School of Mines), the Combined Universities in
Cornwall, and by Truro College, Penwith College and Cornwall College.
[edit] Languages and dialects
Both the English and Cornish languages are used in Cornwall.
[edit] Cornish language
Main article: Cornish language
The Cornish language is closely related to Welsh and Breton, and less so to
Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx. The language continued to function as a community
language in parts of Cornwall until the late 18th century, and there has been a
revival of the language since Henry Jenner's "Handbook of the Cornish Language"
was published in 1904. A study in 2000 suggested that there were around 300
people who spoke Cornish fluently.[90] Cornish however had no legal status in
the UK until 2002. Nevertheless, the language is taught in about twelve primary
schools, and occasionally used in religious and civic ceremonies.[91] In 2002
Cornish was officially recognised as a UK minority language[92] and in 2005 it
received limited Government funding.[93] A Standard Written Form was agreed in
2008.[94]
Several Cornish mining words are still in use in English language mining
terminology, such as costean, gunnies, and vug.[95]
Two of the current Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Parliament of the United
Kingdom, Andrew George, MP for St Ives, and Dan Rogerson, MP for North Cornwall,
repeated their Parliamentary oaths in Cornish.[96]
[edit] English dialect
See West Country dialects
[edit] Culture
Main article: Culture of Cornwall
The Tate Gallery at St Ives[edit] Visual arts
Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong
light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown.
Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of
Newlyn, most active at the turn of the 20th century,[97] and associated with the
names: Stanhope Forbes, Elizabeth Forbes,[98] Norman Garstin and Lamorna
Birch.[99] Modernist writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in
Cornwall between the wars,[100] and Ben Nicholson, the painter, having visited
in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor Barbara
Hepworth, at the outbreak of the second world war.[101] They were later joined
by the Russian emigrant Naum Gabo,[102] and other artists. These included Peter
Lanyon, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter and Roger Hilton. St Ives also
houses the Leach Pottery, where Bernard Leach, and his followers championed
Japanese inspired studio pottery.[103] Much of this modernist work can be seen
in Tate St Ives.[104] The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to
be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online
journal[105].
[edit] Music and festivals
Main article: Music of Cornwall
Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition which has survived into the
present and is well-known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays,
the Furry Dance in Helston played by the famous Helston Town Band, and Obby Oss
in Padstow.
As in other former mining districts of Britain, male voice choirs and Brass
Bands, e.g Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at Constantine, are
still very popular in Cornwall: Cornwall also has around 40 silver bands.
Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall
itself has several lively inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth's Lowender
Peran folk festival.[106]
On a more modern note, contemporary musician Richard D. James (also known as
Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did Luke Vibert and Alex Parks winner of
Fame Academy 2003. Roger Taylor, the drummer from the band Queen was also raised
in the county, and currently lives not far from Falmouth. The American
singer/songwriter Tori Amos now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far
from Bude with her family.[107]
[edit] Fiction
Daphne du Maurier lived in Fowey, Cornwall and many of her novels had Cornish
settings, including Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's Creek, My Cousin Rachel,
and The House on the Strand.[108] She is also noted for writing Vanishing
Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for The Birds, one of her terrifying
series of short stories, made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock.[109] Conan
Doyle's The Adventure of the Devil's Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in
Cornwall.[110]
Remains of Tintagel Castle, legendary birthplace of mythical King ArthurMedieval
Cornwall is also the setting of the trilogy by Monica Furlong, Wise Child,
Juniper, and Colman, as well as part of Charles Kingsley's Hereward the Wake.
Winston Graham's series Poldark, Kate Tremayne's Adam Loveday series, Susan
Cooper's novels Over Sea, Under Stone[111] and Greenwitch, and Mary Wesley's The
Camomile Lawn are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander
Kent, Douglas Reeman sets parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series
in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in
Falmouth.
Hammond Innes' novel, The Killer Mine;[112] Charles de Lint's novel The Little
Country;[113]; and Chapters 24 and 25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows take place in Cornwall (the Harry Potter story at Shell Cottage,
which is on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth in
Cornwall).[114]
Novelists resident in Cornwall:- Highly respected spy author John le Carré lives
and writes in Cornwall. The Nobel-prizewinning novelist William Golding was born
in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his
death in 1993.[115] D. H. Lawrence spent a short time living in Cornwall.
[edit] Poetry
The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it
featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at St
Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick.[116] Charles Causley, the poet, was born in
Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets. The Scottish poet W.
S. Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.[117]
The poet Laurence Binyon wrote For the Fallen (first published in 1914) while
sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque was
erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription For
The Fallen Composed on these cliffs 1914 The plaque also bears the fourth stanza
(sometimes referred to as 'The Ode') of the poem:
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them
[edit] Other literary works
Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays such as the Ordinalia
during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information
about the Cornish language. See also Cornish literature
Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch author of many novels and works of literary criticism
lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. Prolific writer Colin
Wilson, best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind
Parasites (1967), lives in Gorran Haven, a little village on the southern
Cornish coast, not far from Mevagissey and St Austell. A. L. Rowse, the
historian, was born near St. Austell.
Thomas Hardy's drama The Queen of Cornwall (1923) is a version of the Tristan
story; the second act of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde takes place
in Cornwall, as do Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance and
Ruddigore. A level of Tomb Raider: Legend, a game dealing with Arthurian Legend,
takes place in Cornwall at a tacky museum above King Arthur's tomb.
The fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer takes place in Cornwall.
[edit] Sports and games
Main article: Sport in Cornwall
Cornish wrestlingWith its comparatively small, rural population, major
contribution by the Cornish to national sport in the United Kingdom has been
limited.[118] There are no teams affiliated to the Cornwall County Football
Association that play in the Football League of England and Wales, and the
Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English
cricket.[118] Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affliation", rugby
union has become a sport strongly tied with notions of Cornishness,[119] and
since the 20th century, rugby union in Cornwall has emerged as one of,the most
popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with
professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable
force",[118] "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically
staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride
and passion".[120] In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct
connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of
hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially
began.[120] Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic
wrestling related to Breton wrestling, and Cornish hurling, a kind of mediaeval
football played with a silver ball (distinct from Irish Hurling). Cornish
Wrestling is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has
travelled the world to places like Victoria, Australia and Grass Valley,
California following the miners and gold rushes. Hurling now takes place at St.
Columb Major and St Ives although hurling of a silver ball is part of the
beating the bounds ceremony at Bodmin every five years.
[edit] Surfing and other water sports
Surfers in Cornwall.
Cornwall's north coast is known as a centre for surfingDue to its long
coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and
surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the
Inter-Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very
popular, as locations such as Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surf in
the UK. Pilot gig rowing has been popular for many years and the World
championships takes place annually on the Isles of Scilly. On September 2, 2007,
300 surfers arrived at Polzeath beach, Cornwall to set a new world record for
the highest number of surfers riding the same wave (as part of the Global Surf
Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global
warming).[121]
[edit] Indoor games
Euchre (also known as Five hundred) is a popular card game in Cornwall, it is
normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Its origins are
unclear but some claim it is a Cornish game. There are several leagues in
Cornwall at present. Whist and pub quizzes are also popular.
[edit] Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of Devon and Cornwall
A Cornish PastyCornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three
sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh
seafood readily available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value
of fish landed.[122] Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish
restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver recently chose to open
his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Watergate Bay near Newquay. Masterchef host
and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, John Torode, in 2007 purchased Seiners in
Perranporth. One famous local fish dish is Stargazy pie, a fish-based pie in
which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust, as though "star-gazing".
The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock's Eve.
Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its pasties, a savoury dish made from
pastry containing suet. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak,
onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had
a variety of different fillings. "Turmut, 'tates and mate" (i.e. Turnip,
potatoes and meat) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky
pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley,
and shallots.[123] Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies.
Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam,
apple and blackberry, plums or cherries.[124] The wet climate and relatively
poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However,
it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the
production of Cornwall's other famous export, clotted cream. This forms the
basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream.
Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law[125] and cannot be made anywhere
else. Its principal manufacturer is Rodda's, based at Scorrier.
Local cakes and desserts include Saffron cake, Cornish heavy (hevva) cake,
Cornish fairings biscuits, figgy 'obbin, scones (often served with jam and
clotted cream) and whortleberry pie.[126][127][128]
There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall – those produced by
Sharp's Brewery, Skinner's Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the best-known –
including stouts, ales and other beer types. There is some small scale
production of wine, mead and cider.
[edit] References
^ a b "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern
Ireland, Mid-2008" (ZIP). National Statistics Online. Office for National
Statistics. 27 August 2009.
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2008_UK_England_&_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland_27_08_09.zip.
Retrieved 26 September 2009.
^ "UK Standard Area Measurements (SAM)" (ZIP). National Statistics Online.
Office for National Statistics. July 2007.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-other/sam/index.html.
Retrieved 1 April 2009.
^ Stenton, F. M. (1947) Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337
^ a b "Celtic League - Kernow branch - Information". Celtic League website.
Celtic League. 2009. http://www.celticleague.net/branches/kernow2.html.
Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ a b "Cornish Stannary Parliament Archives - Documents - UNITED NATIONS
RECOGNISES CORNISH IDENTITY". Cornish Stannary Parliament website. Cornish
Stannary Parliament. 2008-07-06.
http://cornishstannaryparliament.co.uk//resources//index.php?topic=General.
Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ a b "Mebyon Kernow - The Party for Cornwall - BETA". Mebyon Kernow website.
Mebyon Kernow. 2007.
http://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation. Retrieved
2009-05-15.
^ a b "About RTÉ- RTÉ Awards". RTÉ website. RTÉ. 2009-01-13.
http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ a b "Cornish Branch". Celtic Congress website. Celtic Congress. 2006-11-29.
http://www.evertype.com/celtcong/cc-branch-con-en.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ a b "BBC - Irish - Tionchar na gCeilteach". BBC Northern Ireland website. BBC.
2009-04-24. http://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/. Retrieved
2009-05-15.
^ a b "Welsh Assembly Government - Celtic countries connect with contemporary
Cymru". Welsh Assembly Government website. Welsh Assembly Government.
2008-05-13.
http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/officefirstminister/2008/2372569/;jsessionid=2HxQKNPNwtyLzpl2VLlsysLyGVVhyMybcd94RlxXDyZHG6VpJbjP!1298896870?lang=en.
Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ "The Cornish Language Development Project - Evaluation - Final Report, page
20". Hywel Evans, Aric Lacoste / ERS.
http://www.magakernow.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=41357&p=0. Retrieved
2009-09-17.
^ a b c "Blair gets Cornish assembly call". BBC. 2001-12-11.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1704112.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
^ "Britain's Heritage and History - Cornwall". Camelot International. 13th
August 1997. http://www.camelotintl.com/heritage/counties/england/cornwall.html.
Retrieved 2007-12-01.
^ "Celtic Museum". Michael Newton/Saorsa Media. 1991.
http://whitefiles.org/b2_h/1_celtic_museum/zcm/cm4/4_lngg.htm. Retrieved
2007-12-02.
^ a b c Payton, Philip (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. ISBN
1-8995-2660-9. Revised edition Cornwall: a history, Fowey: Cornwall Editions
Ltd, 2004 ISBN 1-9048-8000-2 (Available online on Google Books)
^ N.B. another Durocornovium existed at Wanborough in Wiltshire
^ "Kingdoms of British Celts - Cornubia". The History Files.
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCornubia.htm. Retrieved
2007-12-01.
^ Halliday, F. E. (1959) A History of Cornwall, London: Duckworth, ISBN
1-84232-123-4, p. 51.
^ Halliday, p. 52.
^ Tylecote, R. F. (1962) Metallurgy in Archaeology
^ Pre Norman Conquest Cornwall
^ Michael Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 2nd ed. London, Phoenix Press,
2000, p. 177
^ Todd, Michael (1987) The South West to AD 1000. London : Longman ISBN
0582492734
^ http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Book/CHAPTERS/XIV.html
^ Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (tr.) (1983), Alfred the Great: Asser's Life
of King Alfred and other contemporary sources, London, Penguin Books, p. 175;
cf. ibid, p. 89
^ Williams, Ann, and Martin, G. H. (2002) (tr.) Domesday Book - a complete
translation, London, Penguin, pp. 341-357
^ Payton (1998) Cornwall, pp. 100-108
^ Orme, Nicholas (2000) The saints of Cornwall, see also Article on "Saint Uny"
at http://www.lelant.info/uny.htm. The patron Saint of Wendron Parish Church,
"Saint Wendrona" is another example.
^ Doble, G. H. (1960) The saints of Cornwall 5 vols. Truro: Dean and Chapter,
1960-70
^ see for example absences from Olsen and Padel's 'A tenth century list of
Cornish parochial saints' in Cambridge medieval Celtic studies; 12 (1986); and
from Nova Legenda Angliae by John Capgrave (mid-15th cent.)
^ "St. Piran - Sen piran". St-Piran.com. http://www.st-piran.com/st-piran.htm.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ Charles-Edwards, T. (1970) "The Seven Bishop Houses of Dyfed," In: Bulletin of
the Board of Celtic Studies, vol. 24, (1970-1972), pp. 247-252.
^ Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford
^ Jenner, Henry (1925) "The Holy Wells of Cornwall". In: Cornish Church Guide.
Truro: Blackford; pp. 249-257
^ Quiller-Couch, M. & L. (1894) Ancient and Holy Wells of Cornwall. London :
Chas. J. Clark
^ Oliver, George (1846) Monasticon Dioecesis Exoniensis: being a collection of
records and instruments illustrating the ancient conventual, collegiate, and
eleemosynary foundations, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, with historical
notices, and a supplement, comprising a list of the dedications of churches in
the Diocese, an amended edition of the taxation of Pope Nicholas, and an
abstract of the Chantry Rolls [with supplement and index]. Exeter: P. A.
Hannaford, 1846, 1854, 1889
^ "The Prayer Book Rebellion 1549". TudorPlace.com.ar.
http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/prayer_book_rebellion.htm. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "Methodism". Cornish-Mining.org.uk.
http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/story/religion.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ Shaw, Thomas (1967) A History of Cornish Methodism. Truro: Bradford Barton
^ "Truro Cathedral website - History page". TruroCathedral.org.uk.
http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/cathedral-story/story1.html. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ Brown, H. Miles (1976). A century for Cornwall, Truro: Blackford
^ "Diocese of Plymouth". http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/. Retrieved
2009-04-13.
^
http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147
^ Britain's only other example on an ophiolite, the Shetland ophiolite, is
older, and linked to the Grampian Orogeny
^ Cornwall County Council, "The County Flower."
^ Price, J. H., Hepton, C. E. L. and Honey, S. I. (1979). The Inshore Benthic
Biota of the Lizard Peninsula, south west Cornwall: the marine algae -- History;
Chlorophyta; Phaeophyta. Cornish Studies; no. 7: pp. 7-37
^ Bere, Rennie(1982) The Nature of Cornwall. Buckingham: Barracuda Books
^ Armstrong, W. J. C. (1935) A Rambler's Guide to Tintagel, and Camelford, 2nd
ed. [Boscastle: the Author]; pp. 89-95
^ Ryves, B. H. (1948) Bird Life in Cornwall. London: Collins
^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average temperature for the United Kingdom.
^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average rainfall for the United Kingdom.
^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average sunshine for the United Kingdom.
^ "Weather Averages - Truro, England". Foreca.
http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:34002. Retrieved
2008-05-20.
^ "Isles of Scilly Cornwall through time". visionofbritain.org.uk.
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10076742&c_id=10171878.
Retrieved 2007.
^ "Isles of Scilly RD Cornwall through time". visionofbritain.org.uk.
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10026210&c_id=10001043.
Retrieved 2007.
^ "About your local police". Devon and Cornwall Police.
http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/AboutUs/Pages/Aboutyourlocalpolice.aspx.
Retrieved 2009-09-23.
^ "One Cornwall - A unified council for Cornwall". Cornwall County Council.
http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=37570. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
^ http://www.onecornwall.cornwall.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=44400
^ "Cornwall super-council go-ahead". BBC. 2007-07-25.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
^ "Cornwall Council elections - Thursday, 4th June, 2009". Cornwall Council.
http://democracy.cornwall.gov.uk/mgElectionResults.aspx?ID=1&V=0&RPID=112166.
Retrieved 2009-09-23.
^ British Archaeology, no 30, December 1997: Letters
^ Rowse, A. L. (1941) Tudor Cornwall. London: Cape; pp. 91-94
^ "Mark Prisk appointed Shadow Minister for Cornwall" (flash video). Cameron,
David. 2007-07-24. http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=nIAarTqZsaU. Retrieved
2008-05-23.
^ Cornwall Council's Feb 2003 MORI poll
^ a b [1]
^ "This is The West Country - Give Cornwall what it wants". This is The West
Country website. Newsquest Media Group. 2004-01-22.
http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2004/1/22/21396.html. Retrieved
2009-05-09.
^ "Cornish MPs determined to win more power for Cornwall - Dan Rogerson MP". Dan
Rogerson MP for North Cornwall website. Dan Rogerson MP. 2007-06-11.
http://www.danrogerson.org/2007/06/11/cornish-mps-determined-to-win-more-power-for-cornwall/.
Retrieved 2009-05-09.
^ The Duchy of Cornwall Human Rights Association
^ "Minutes for the Census Sub-Group Meeting held on 23 November 2006". Central &
Local Information Partnership. 2007-02-09.
http://www.clip.local.gov.uk/lgv/core/page.do?pageId=40416. Retrieved
2008-05-23.
^ Payton, Philip (2004). "Re-inventing Kernow". Cornwall: A History (2nd revised
edition ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Limited. pp. 262. ISBN 1904880053.
^ Cornwall (United Kingdom)
^ British Flags (United Kingdom) from The World Flag Database
^ ONS December 2006
^ Eurostat
^ Halliday, p69.
^ Halliday, p182.
^ Poverty and deprivation in Cornwall (June 2006) and Poverty and neighbourhood
renewal in west Cornwall (January 2002)PDF (756 KiB)
^ Cornwall Tourist Board, 2003. The total number of visitors to the county
includes those on business and visiting relatives. Tourism in CornwallPDF (206
KiB).
^ Scottish Executive, 2004. A literature review of the evidence base for
culture, the arts and sport policy.
^ Line-caught wild bass from Cornwall - South West Handline Fishermen's
Association
^ . UNESCO Page on the Cornwall & West Devon application
^ The University of Exeter - Cornwall Campus - Camborne School of Mines
^ Home
^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Population Change in England by County
1981-2000.
^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Births, Deaths and Natural Change in
Cornwall 1974 – 2001.
^ Office for National Statistics, 1996. % of Population of Pension Age (1996).
^ "Isle of Man Post Office Website". Isle of Man Post Office website. Isle of
Man Government. 2009.
http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/FutureIssue.aspx?categoryid=164. Retrieved
2009-05-15.
^ "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient". Festival Interceltique
de Lorient website. Festival Interceltique de Lorient. 2009.
http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php.
Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ "Information paper: Recommended questions for the 2009 Census Rehearsal and
2011 Census: National Identity" (pdf). Office for National Statistics. December
2008. p. 32.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf.
Retrieved 2009-05-13.
^ http://www.gosw.gov.uk/gosw/docs/254795/mode_of_use.doc
^ "Cornish in United Kingdom". European Commission.
http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/uk1_en.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ BBC news - November 2002 - Cornish gains official recognition
^ BBC news - June 2005 - Cash boost for Cornish language
^ An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish
^ Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms by American Geological
Institute and U S Bureau of Mines (pages 128, 249, and 613)
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4540887.stm
^ "Newlyn". Cornwalls.co.uk. http://www.cornwalls.co.uk/Newlyn/. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "Elizabeth Adela Forbes". PenleeHouse.org.uk.
http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "Samuel John Lamorna Birch". HayleGallery.co.uk.
http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=59. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "Virginia Woolf". NYTimes.com.
http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "Ben Nicholson". StormFineArts.com.
http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "Naum Gabo". Artnet.com. http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "Bernard Leach and the Leach Pottery". Studio-Pots.com.
http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "Tate St Ives". Tate.org.uk. http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ art cornwall .org: art and artists in Cornwall including Cornish galleries
^ "An-Daras.com". http://www.an-daras.com.
^ The whole Tori - Music - Entertainment - theage.com.au
^ "Daphne du Maurier". DuMaurier.org. http://www.DuMaurier.org/. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "The Birds". MovieDiva.com.
http://www.moviediva.com/MD_root/reviewpages/MDBirds.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot". WorldwideSchool.org.
http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/detective/TheAdventureoftheDevilsFoot/Chap1.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "Over Sea, Under Stone". Powell's Books.
http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780689840357. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "The Killer Mine". BoekBesprekingen.nl.
http://www.boekbesprekingen.nl/cgi-bin/boek.cgi?boek=588391. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "The Little Country". Amazon.com.
http://www.amazon.com/Little-Country-Charles-Lint/dp/0312876491. Retrieved
2007-05-11.
^ "Shell Cottage". hp-lexicon.org.
http://www.hp-lexicon.org/atlas/gazetteer/gazetteer-s.html. Retrieved
2008-01-11.
^ "Biography of William Golding". William-Golding.co.uk.
http://www.william-golding.co.uk/p_biography.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "St Enodoc Church". RockInfo.co.uk.
http://www.rockinfo.co.uk/daymer/stenochc.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "William Sydney Graham". CPRW.com. http://www.cprw.com/Drexel/graham.htm.
Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ a b c Clegg 2005, p. 10.
^ Harvey 2002, p. 221.
^ a b Gallagher, Brendan (23 October 2008), "Cornish rugby union celebrate 125
years of pride and passion - but are they the lost tribe?", The Daily Telegraph
(telegraph.co.uk),
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/3247717/Cornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html,
retrieved 2009-09-07
^ BBC NEWS, Surfers aim to break world record
^ Objective One media release
^ http://www.alanrichards.org/cornish3.htm - Cornish recipe site
^ Martin, Edith (1929). Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern. 22nd edition, 1965.
^ Official list of British protected foods
^ Mason, Laura; Brown, Catherine (1999) From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith. Totnes:
Prospect Books
^ Pettigrew, Jane (2004) Afternoon Tea. Andover: Jarrold
^ Fitzgibbon, Theodora (1972) A Taste of England: the West Country. London: J.
M. Dent
[edit] Further reading
Balchin, W. G. V. (1954) Cornwall: an illustrated essay on the history of the
landscape. (The Making of the English Landscape). London: Hodder and Stoughton
Boase, George Clement; Courtney, W. P. (1874-1882) Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: a
catalogue of the writings, both manuscript and printed, of Cornishmen, and of
works relating to the county of Cornwall, with biographical memoranda and
copious literary references. 3 vols. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer
du Maurier, Daphne (1967). Vanishing Cornwall. London: Doubleday. (illustrated
edition Published by Victor Gollancz, London, 1981, ISBN 0-5750-2844-0,
photographs by Christian Browning)
Ellis, Peter Ellis (1974). The Cornish language and its literature. Boston:
Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 0-7100-7928-1. (Available online on Google
Books).
Graves, Alfred Perceval (1928). The Celtic Song Book: Being Representative Folk
Songs of the Six Celtic Nations. London: Ernest Benn. (Available online on
Digital Book Index)
Halliday, Frank Ernest (1959). A History of Cornwall. London: Gerald Duckworth.
ISBN 0-7551-0817-5. A 2nd edition was published in 2001 by the House of Stratus,
Thirsk: the original text new illustrations and an afterword by Halliday's son
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. London:
ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-8510-9440-7. (Available online on Google Books).
Payton, Philip (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. ISBN
1-8995-2660-9. Revised edition Cornwall: a history, Fowey: Cornwall Editions
Ltd, 2004 ISBN 1-9048-8000-2 (Available online on Google Books).
Stoyle, Mark (2001). "BBC - History - The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?". BBC
History website. BBC.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml.
Retrieved 2009-05-25.
Stoyle, Mark (2002). West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern
British State. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0-8598-9688-9.
Williams, Michael (ed.) (1973) My Cornwall. St Teath: Bossiney Books (eleven
chapters by various hands, including three previously published essays)
[edit] External links
Find more about Cornwall on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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Newquay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see New Quay (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 50°24′43″N 5°04′33″W / 50.4120°N 5.0757°W / 50.4120; -5.0757
Newquay
Cornish: Tewynn Pleustri
Newquay Harbour with the town in the background
Newquay
Newquay shown within Cornwall
Population 19,562 (Civil Parish, 2001)
OS grid reference SW815615
Parish Newquay
Unitary authority Cornwall
Ceremonial county Cornwall
Region South West
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town NEWQUAY
Postcode district TR7
Dialling code 01637
Police Devon and Cornwall
Fire Cornwall
Ambulance South Western
EU Parliament South West England
UK Parliament North Cornwall
List of places: UK • England • Cornwall
Newquay (Cornish: Tewynn Pleustri/Towan Blystra) is a town, civil parish,
seaside resort and fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Great
Britain. It is bounded to the west by the River Gannel and its associated salt
marsh, and in the east by the Porth Valley. The town has been expanding inland
(south) since it was founded. In 2001 the census recorded a permanent population
of 19,423.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Prehistoric period
1.2 Medieval period
1.3 Modern period
2 Church
3 Tourism
4 Surfing
5 Night life
6 Hospital and emergency services
7 Transport
7.1 Rail
7.1.1 History
7.2 Air
7.3 Bus
8 Education
8.1 World War II
9 Well-known people associated with Newquay
10 Newquay in films
11 Twinning
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Prehistoric period
There are some pre-historic burial mounds and an embankment on the area now
known as The Barrowfields. There were once up to fifteen barrows, but now only a
few remain. Excavations here have revealed charred cooking pots and a coarse
pottery burial urn containing remains of a Bronze Age chieftain, who was buried
here up to 3500 years ago.[1] In 1987 evidence of a Bronze Age village was found
at Trethellan Farm, a site that overlooks the River Gannel.[2] The first signs
of settlement in the Newquay area consist of a late Iron Age hill
fort/industrial centre which exploited the nearby abundant resources (including
deposits of iron) and the superior natural defences provided by Trevelgue Head.
It is claimed that occupation of the site was continuous from the 3rd century BC
to the 5th or 6th century AD (a Dark Ages house was later built on the head).[3]
[edit] Medieval period
The curve of the headland around what is now Newquay Harbour provided natural
protection from bad weather and a small fishing village grew up in the area.
When the village was first occupied is unknown but it is not mentioned in the
Domesday Book although a local house (now a bar known as "Trenninick Tavern") is
included. By the 15th century the village was called "Towan Blystra" — "Towan"
means sand hill/dune in Cornish — but the anchorage was exposed to winds from
the north east and in 1439 the local burgesses applied to Edmund Lacey, Bishop
of Exeter for leave and funds to build a "New quay" from which the town derives
its current name.
[edit] Modern period
The first national British census of 1801 recorded around 1300 inhabitants in
the settlement (enumerated as a village under St Columb Minor parish). Newquay
parish was created in 1882[citation needed]
After the arrival of passenger trains in 1876, the former fishing village
started to grow. Several major hotels were built around the turn of the 19th
century, including the Victoria (in East Street), the Atlantic and the Headland.
Growth of the town eastwards soon reached the area around the railway station:
Station Road became Cliff Road around 1930, and the houses beyond, along
Narrowcliff, were also converted into hotels. Narrowcliff was first known as
Narrowcliff Promenade, and then Narrowcliff Road. On some pre-war maps it is
spelt Narrowcliffe.
At the time of the First World War the last house at the edge of the town was a
little further along present-day Narrowcliff, and in more recent times this
building became the Garth Hotel. Post-war development saw new houses and streets
built in the Chester Road area, accompanied by ribbon development along the
country lane which led to St Columb Minor, some 3 km away. This thoroughfare was
modernised and named Henver Road, also some time in the 1930s. Development
continued in this direction until World War 2, by which time much of Henver Road
had houses on both sides, with considerably infilling also taking place between
there and the sea.
It was not until the early 1950s that the last houses were built along Henver
Road itself: after that, there was a virtually continuous building line on both
sides of the main road from the other side of St Columb Minor right into the
town centre. The Doublestiles estate to the north of Henver Road was also built
in the early 1950s, as the name of Coronation Way indicates, and further
development continued beyond, becoming the Lewarne Estate and extending the
built up area to the edges of Porth.
Other areas also developed in the period between the wars were Pentire (known
for a time as West Newquay) and the Trenance Valley. Other streets dating from
the 1920s included St Thomas Road, which provided the approach to the town's new
Cottage Hospital at its far end, to be followed by others in the same area near
the station, such as Pargolla Road.
Up to the early 20th century, the small fishing port was famous for pilchards
and there is a "Huer's Hut" above the harbour from which a lookout would cry
"Heva!" to call out the fishing fleet when pilchard shoals were spotted. The
town's present insignia is two pilchards. The real pilchards have long gone, but
a small number of boats still catch the local edible crabs and lobsters.
More recent development has been on a larger scale: until the late 1960s a
passenger arriving by train would not have seen a building by the line (with the
exception of Trencreek village) until the Trenance Viaduct was reached. Today,
the urban area starts a good 2 km inland from the viaduct. Other growth areas
have been on the fringes of St Columb Minor and also towards the Gannel. More
development beyond Treninnick, south of the Trenance Valley. has taken the urban
area out as far as Lane, where more building is proposed. The
Trennnick/Treloggan development, mainly in the 1970s and 1980s, included not
merely housing but also an industrial estate and several large commercial
outlets, including a major supermarket and a cash and carry warehouse.
New plans include further substantial development inland, which if allowed would
extend the urban area towards Chapel. Places like Trencreek, Porth and St Columb
Minor have long since become suburbs of Newquay: it is possible that by the
2030s, should present development trends continue, the edges of the town could
be approaching and perhaps encompass Quintrell Downs[4], 5 km from the town
centre. The development plan for Newquay Cornwall International Airport includes
substantial additions around the airport, including a proposed business park as
well as industry related to aviation.
[edit] Church
Newquay St. Michael's, a large church in the Cornish style designed by Sir
Ninian Comper, was built in 1911. It was destroyed by an arson attack on 29 June
1993 but has since been reopened. Most of Newquay was in earlier times part of
the parish of St Columb Minor.
[edit] Tourism
Newquay has been a major tourist destination for more than a century now,
principally on account of its beautiful coastline and ten long and accessible
sandy beaches. These include the famous Fistral, which could claim to the
best-known surfing beach in the British Isles. Perhaps 22,000 people live in
Newquay, but the population can increase to 100,000 or more in the summer
because Newquay has a large stock of holiday accommodation. The town is rather
larger, therefore, than the size of its resident population might suggest.
Newquay has even been referred to as the "Blackpool of the West Country", but
although it is undoubtedly an entertainment town some substantial differences
remain between Lancashire and Cornwall.
An easterly view over Newquay Harbour with some of the surfing beaches in the
backgroundEstablished in sections throughout the 20th century, Trenance Leisure
Gardens are sited in a wooded, formerly marshy valley on the quieter edge of
Newquay, stretching down to the Gannel Estuary. From the Edwardian era it
provided recreation for tourists with walks, tennis courts and a bowling green,
all still popular today. In the gardens, which are spanned by the arches of the
stone railway viaduct, visitors have long been able to enjoy a stroll through
the beautiful Trenance Gardens with their mature trees and heritage cottages,
leading to the Boating lake. This was dug during the depression of the 1930s as
a work creation scheme. In the late 1960s, further enterprises were established
by the council, including mini-golf, a swimming pool, the "Little Western"
miniature railway and Newquay Zoo, which opened in 1969.
An interactive map of Newquay launched in 2009 features a self guided walking
tour, focusing on local history, heritage, wildlife and public transport links -
available in print form and online: see external links.
Newquay is also known for the "Run to the Sun" event, which always takes place
during the public holiday on the last weekend in May at Trevelgue Holiday Park.
Multitudes of people descend on the town in Volkswagen camper vans, Beetles and
other custom cars.
The 1013 km (630miles) South West Coast Path runs through the town.
[edit] Surfing
Fistal Beach northThe resort styles itself "The Surfing Capital of Britain".
Newquay is firmly established as the centre of the surf industry in Britain with
many surf stores, board manufacturers and hire shops in the town.
At the centre of Newquay's surfing status is Fistral Beach which has a
reputation as one of the best beach breaks in Cornwall. Fistral is capable of
producing powerful, hollow waves and holding a good sized swell. It even has the
bonus of being sheltered enough and sufficiently north-facing in places that it
can get away with a south westerly wind. Fistral Beach has been host to
international surfing competitions for around 20 years now, most recently the
Rip Curl Boardmasters.[5].
Newquay is also home to the legendary big wave sport, The Cribbar. Breaking at
up to 20 ft, the Cribbar was until recently rarely surfed as it requires no wind
and huge swell to break. It was first surfed in 1967 by Jack Lydgate, Bob Head
and Rod Sumpter. The recent explosion in interest in surfing large waves has
seen it surfed more frequently, most notably by South African born Chris Bertish
who during a succession of huge clean swells in 2004 surfed the biggest wave
ever seen there.[6].
Towan, Great Western and Tolcarne beaches nearer the town and nearby Crantock
and Watergate Bay also provide high quality breaks. Towan Beach is also the
location for the proposed Newquay Surfing Reef, a controversial project which
has caused a fierce local debate.
[edit] Night life
Newquay is well known for its lively nightlife. Nightclubs such as Berties,
Sailor's and the newly opened Pure attract well known DJs. The influx of summer
party-goers has regularly caused controversy in recent years, often because of
the frequency of Stag and Hen parties.
[edit] Hospital and emergency services
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary maintains a substantial police station in
Tolcarne Road, and the Major Crime Investigation Team for Cornwall works from
there. The modern day-staffed fire station in Tregunnel Hill is run by Cornwall
County Fire Brigade, and is the home of one of the two aerial ladder platforms
based in Cornwall. Ambulance cover is provided by the South Western Ambulance
Service NHS Trust from an Ambulance Station in St Thomas Road. Newquay Hospital
[7] is also at the end of St Thomas Road, and is a local hospital catering for
both in- and outpatients. The nearest General Hospital is in Truro. Proposals in
recent years for the Newquay Growth Area, east of the present town, have
included a new and larger hospital.
[edit] Transport
[edit] Rail
Newquay railway station is the terminus of the Atlantic Coast Line from Par. The
railway was originally built as a mineral line in the 1840s to provide a link
with the harbour. A passenger service followed on 20 June 1876, and from then on
the town developed quickly as a resort. The station is close to the beaches on
the east side of the town centre.
Newquay handles intercity trains throughout the summer, which include a daily
service to and from London in July and August and also further through trains to
London, the Midlands and North on Saturdays and Sundays between May and
September. It is the only branch line terminus in Britain still handling
scheduled intercity trains.
Two of the three former platforms were taken out of use in 1987, but Network
Rail had planned [8] to restore one of the disused platforms to improve
capacity. However, the latest draft Route Utilisation Study for the Great
Western routes, published in September 2009 [9], makes no mention of this.
Instead it favours a restored crossing place (a short section of double track
where trains can pass) at St Columb Road. This will depend on the progress with
developing a proposed eco-town in the China Clay area, much of which lies near
the line.
An active local user group is campaigning for the line to be upgraded, not
merely with at least one additional platform to be provided at Newquay, but also
for passenger trains to run from St Dennis Junction (near St Columb Road) to
Burngullow, on the Cornish Main Line west of St Austell. This would require the
restoration of several kilometres of track, and also the improvement of a china
clay line which still operates between Parkandillack and Burngullow. This route
was proposed in 1987 as a possible replacement for the line to Par, much of
which could then have been closed. However, although the British Railways Board
obtained the necessary legal powers, the plan was not carried out.
[edit] History
The goods line which developed into the Newquay and Cornwall Junction Railway
was opened in 1846 from inland clay mines to the harbour, worked by horses.
Parts of the old line from the present station to the harbour are still in
existence: the most obvious section is a broad footpath from opposite the
station in Cliff Road to East Street, known locally as the "tram track", and
complete with a very railway-style overbridge. From East Street, the line
continued towards the harbour along the present-day Manor Road.
The last trains ran through to Newquay Harbour in about 1924, but general goods
traffic continued to reach Newquay station until 1964. The goods yard then
closed as part of much wider changes on British Railways. However, the passenger
station and its approaches were enlarged more than once, with additional
carriage sidings being built at Newquay in the 1930s. The originally wooden
viaduct just outside the station, which crosses the Trenance Valley, was rebuilt
in 1874 to allow locomotives to run over the structure and then again after
World War 2 to carry double track, which extended until 1964 for approximately
1.5 km to Tolcarn Junction. The line is now single throughout again, but the
width of the viaduct is still obvious.
Tolcarn Junction itself was the point where a second passenger route diverged
from the Par line between 1906 and 1963. This branch ran to Chacewater, west of
Truro, via Perranporth and St Agnes, and provided through trains to Truro and
Falmouth.
The surviving branch line from Par, which includes other viaducts—mainly in the
Luxulyan Valley—and also numerous level crossings, still brings many visitors
each year from the junction at Par (on the Cornish Main Line) to Newquay. From
the 1890s until 1947 the branch was owned by the Great Western Railway, then
becoming part of British Railways Western Region until the late 1980s, when it
was transferred to the Provincial sector of BR. This sector was renamed Regional
Railways at the start of the 1990s.
After BR passenger services were franchised in 1996 and 1997, the line was
operated by Wales and West (originally South Wales and West) from October 1996.
W&W was a franchise owned by Prism Rail, but Prism did not stay the course: it
was taken over by National Express in early 2001 and the W&W franchise was then
divided, its south west of England area becoming Wessex Trains. This situation
lasted until April 2006, when the Wessex franchise was absorbed by the new
Greater Western contract, which is owned by FirstGroup and branded First Great
Western. Thus, the wheel has largely come full circle since 1948: Newquay is now
a Great Western station once again.
[edit] Air
Newquay airport terminalNewquay Cornwall Airport provides links to many other
parts of the United Kingdom. It is an HM Customs port, because it also handles
increasing numbers of foreign flights, both scheduled and chartered. Newquay
(NQY) is the principal airport for Cornwall, although there are several minor
airfields elsewhere in the county and a Heliport at Penzance for Isles of Scilly
traffic.
Until 2008, Newquay Civil Airport (as it was formerly known) used the runway and
other facilities of RAF St Mawgan, but in December 2008 the Ministry of Defence
handed over most of the site to the recently formed Cornwall Airport Limited.
The first stage of the conversion into a fully commercial airport is now
complete, although further substantial development is planned.[10] The handover,
which should have taken place at the start of December 2008, was delayed for
almost three weeks because of problems in obtaining the essential Civil Aviation
Authority licence, which was withheld until further work had been carried out.
The airport was forced to close for the first three weeks of December, as the
RAF declined to stay any longer. It reopened on 20 December, but airline Ryanair
protested at the problems and did not restore its flights to Newquay until 2009.
Altogether, Newquay Cornwall Airport now offers more than twenty routes.
Private jets, charters and helicopters operate at nearby Perranporth Airfield.
[edit] Bus
National Express runs coaches from various parts of Great Britain to Newquay.
Newquay has a good local bus network: the principal operator is Western
Greyhound [1], but some services are provided by FirstGroup and Summercourt
Travel. The bus station is in Manor Road, which runs parallel to the main
shopping area of Bank Street.
[edit] Education
Newquay has one higher education campus, Cornwall College Newquay, which is a
member of the Combined Universities in Cornwall Partnership. [2]. It offers
foundation degree courses in Zoological Conservation, Marine Aquaculture, Animal
Science and Wildlife Education and Media. Appropriately, the campus is close to
Newquay Zoo in the Trenance Valley. There are also two secondary schools:
Newquay Tretherras School [3] is a state-funded specialist technology college
and Treviglas College[4] is a specialist business college not far from St Columb
Minor.
[edit] World War II
Among many schools evacuated to Cornwall (notably Benenden girls school), 240
boys and 20 masters of Gresham's School were evacuated to the town from Holt,
Norfolk, during the Second World War, between June 1940 and March 1944.[11]
[edit] Well-known people associated with Newquay
William Golding author of Lord of the Flies, was born in Newquay
Singer-songwriter Ruarri Joseph lives in the Newquay area
Jamie Lowry, Chesterfield FC footballer, attended Newquay Junior School[citation
needed]
Former Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic footballer Chris Morris was born in
Newquay
Singer-songwriter James Morrison grew up in the Newquay area: he attended
Treviglas College
Phillip Schofield attended Newquay Tretherras School[12]
John Coulson Tregarthen, naturalist and novelist
Sir David Willcocks the choral conductor, organist, and composer was born here
in 1919
British painter Nicholas Charles Williams is based in Newquay
[edit] Newquay in films
The Headland Hotel next to Fistral Beach has been used in several films,
including The Witches.
The Beatles filmed part of the Magical Mystery Tour film in Newquay. Scenes were
filmed at the Atlantic Hotel and Towan Beach.[13]
[edit] Twinning
Dinard, Brittany, France
[edit] See also
List of topics related to Cornwall
[edit] References
^ "The Barrowfields". http://www.newquaytowncouncilcornwall.co.uk/local/?i=36.
^ Cornwall County Council. "Archaeological work at Scarcewater reveals rare &
interesting finds". http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=1143.
^ Interim account of 1939 excavation by C. K. Croft Andrew (1949)
^
http://www.beerintheevening.com/pubs/results.shtml/el/Quintrell%20Downs%3BCornwall/
^ Cornwall Guide - North Coast Beaches
^ Cornwall Beaches - Fistral Beach
^ http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=5QP15
^ Network Rail
^
http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browseDirectory.aspx?dir=\RUS%20Documents\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies\Great%20Western&pageid=4449&root=\RUS%20Documents\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies
^ The Newquay Cornwall Airport Masterplan
^ Benson, S. G. G. & Evans, Martin Crossley (2002) I Will Plant Me a Tree: an
Illustrated History of Gresham's School. London: James & James ISBN
0-907383-92-0
^ "Phillip Schofield Online". http://www.schofieldfans.co.uk/about.php.
^ The Beatles, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and George Harrison,
Photo stock Archive by Chris Walter
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Newquay
The Official Newquay Tourism website
Newquay Town Council
Newquay Chamber of Commerce & Tourism
Treninick entry in the Domesday Book
Newquay at the Open Directory Project
[show]v • d • eGeography of Co
Airport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (February 2007)
For other uses, see Airport (disambiguation).
San Francisco International Airport, the tenth largest in the United States and
the twenty-fifth largest airport in the world
The passenger terminal buildings at Incheon International Airport, Incheon,
South Korea
The exterior of Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
The airport will soon be replaced by Long Thanh International Airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport Passenger Terminal Bangkok, Thailand
Barra Airport, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, one of only two airports using a beach
runway for scheduled services.
Paraparaumu Airport, New Zealand a small airport
JetBlue Airways at Cibao International Airport, Santiago, DRAn airport is a
location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps
take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An
airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway, a helipad, or water
for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as hangars and
terminal buildings.
Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, seaplane docks and ramps,
air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and
emergency services. A military airport is known as an airbase or air station.
The terms airfield, airstrip, and aerodrome may also be used to refer to
airports, and the terms heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports
dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, or short takeoff and landing
aircraft. In some jurisdictions, the term airport is used where the facility is
licensed as such by the relevant government organization (e.g. the U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA), Transport Canada). Elsewhere the distinction is
one of general appearance. Other jurisdictions define an airport by its having
the customs offices etc expected of a port,[citation needed] though the more
general term is airport of entry.
Contents [hide]
1 Attributes
1.1 Airport ownership and operation
1.2 Airport structures
1.3 Shops and food services
1.4 Premium and VIP services
1.5 Cargo and freight services
1.6 Support services
1.7 Airport access
1.8 Internal transport
1.9 History and development
2 Airport designation and naming
2.1 Low Cost Airports
3 Airport security
4 Airport operations
4.1 Air traffic control
4.2 Traffic pattern
4.3 Navigational aids
4.4 Guidance signs
4.4.1 Operational guidance signs
4.4.2 Mandatory instruction signs
4.5 Lighting
4.6 Weather observations
4.7 Safety management
5 Airport ground crew
6 Environmental concerns
7 Military airbase
7.1 Aircraft carriers
8 Airports in entertainment
9 Airstrip
9.1 Links
10 Airport directories
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit] Attributes
Airport signSmaller or less-developed airports — which represent the vast
majority — often have a single runway shorter than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Larger
airports for airline flights generally have paved runways 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or
longer. Many small airports have dirt, grass, or gravel runways, rather than
asphalt or concrete.
In the United States, the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are
defined by the FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths. These include
considerations for safety margins during landing and takeoff. Heavier aircraft
require longer runways.
The longest public-use runway in the world is at Qamdo Bangda Airport in China.
It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045 ft). The world's widest paved runway is at
Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide.
As of 2006, there were approximately 49,000 airports around the world, including
14,858 in the US., the U.S. having the most in the world[1]
[edit] Airport ownership and operation
Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, BrazilMost of the world's airports
are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the
airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For
example, BAA Limited (BAA) operates seven of the commercial airports in the
United Kingdom, as well as several other airports outside of the UK. Germany's
Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport.
In the United States and Canada, commercial airports are generally operated
directly by government entities or government-created airport authorities (also
known as port authorities).
Frankfurt Airport, Germany is managed by FraportMany US airports still lease
part or all of their facilities to outside firms, who operate functions such as
retail management and parking. In the US, all commercial airport runways are
certified by the FAA under the Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 Part 139,
Certification of Commercial Service Airports" [1], but maintained by the local
airport under the regulatory authority of the FAA.
Despite the reluctance to privatize airports in the US (despite the FAA
sponsoring a privatization program since 1996), the government-owned,
contractor-operated (GOCO) arrangement is the standard for the operation of
commercial airports in the rest of the world
[edit] Airport structures
The departures terminal at the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport,
Mumbai, India the busiest airport in South Asia[2]Airports are divided into
landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public
transportation train stations, tank farms and access roads. Airside areas
include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways, ramps and
tank farms. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at
most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through
terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security, check or claim
luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide
passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term
is often used interchangeably with terminal.
The area where aircraft park next to a terminal to load passengers and baggage
is known as a ramp (or "the tarmac"). Parking areas for aircraft away from
terminals are called aprons.
Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and
available funds. Due to their high capacity and busy airspace, many
international airports have air traffic control located on site.
Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities.
However, as some countries have agreements that allow travel between them
without customs and immigrations, such facilities are not a definitive need for
an international airport. International flights often require a higher level of
physical security, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the
same level of security for international and domestic travel.
"Floating airports" are being designed which could be located several miles at
sea and which would use designs such as pneumatic stabilized platform
technology.
Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore, Pakistan[edit] Shops and food
services
Duty free shopping area at Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel
Food court and shops, Halifax International Airport, CanadaThe prices charged
for food are generally higher than prices found outside the airport. However,
some airports now regulate food costs to keep them comparable to "street
prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturer's
suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.
Some airport restaurants offer regional cuisine specialties for those in transit
so that they may sample local food or culture without leaving the airport.[3]
[edit] Premium and VIP services
Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services
may include express check in, dedicated check in counters, separate departures
and/or arrivals lounge, priority boarding, separate air bridges, and priority
baggage handling.
These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers,
premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services
may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's
frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when
multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium
customers away from rival airlines.
Sometimes these premium services will be offered to a non-premium passenger if
the airline has made a mistake in handling of the passenger, such as
unreasonable delays or mishandling of checked baggage.
Airline lounges frequently offer free or reduced cost food, as well as alcoholic
and non-alcoholic beverages. Lounges themselves typically have seating, showers,
quiet areas, televisions, computer, wi-fi and Internet access, and power outlets
that passengers may use for their electronic equipment. Some airline lounges
employ baristas, bartenders and gourmet chefs.
Airlines sometimes operate multiple lounges within the one airport terminal
allowing ultra premium customers, such as first class customers, additional
services, which are not available to other premium customers. Multiple lounges
may also prevent overcrowding of the lounge facilities.
[edit] Cargo and freight services
In addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. Cargo airlines
often have their own on-site and adjacent infrastructure to transfer parcels
between ground and air.
[edit] Support services
Aircraft maintenance, pilot services, aircraft rental, and hangar rental are
most often performed by a fixed base operator (FBO). At major airports,
particularly those used as hubs, airlines may operate their own support
facilities.
International terminal at Houari Boumedienne Airport, Algiers, AlgeriaSome
airports, typically military airbases, have long runways used as emergency
landing sites. Many airbases have arresting equipment for fast aircraft, known
as arresting gear – a strong cable suspended just above the runway and attached
to a hydraulic reduction gear mechanism. Together with the landing aircraft's
arresting hook, it is used in situations where the aircraft's brakes would be
insufficient by themselves.
[edit] Airport access
Many large airports are located next to or sometimes above railway trunk routes,
for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow
Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. For local access,
many airports have train lines, rapid transit, light rail lines or other public
transport systems, for instance the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy
International Airport in New York and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan
International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA).
These systems are usually directly connected to the main terminals. Large
airports usually have access also through freeways from which cars fed into two
access roads, designed as loops, one sitting on top of the other. One level is
for departing passengers and the other is for arrivals.
[edit] Internal transport
The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial.
It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people
through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one
terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International
Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by an aerotren
to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.
[edit] History and development
Qantas AVRO 504K replica, first plane flown by Qantas, Sydney Airport,
AustraliaThe first use of the term "airport" appeared in a New York Times
article in 1902, where Santos-Dumont stated that he expected New York to be the
principal "airport" of the world in less than a score of years.[4]
The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane
could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight
improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass.
However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. They were replaced by
concrete surfaces that allowed all-weather landings in daylight and at night.
The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in
Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be
the world's oldest continually operating airfield[5], although it serves only
general aviation traffic.
Another claim to the world's oldest airport is from Bisbee-Douglas International
Airport Douglas, Arizona, USA, which had the first airplane in the state. In
1908 the Douglas Aeronautical Club was formed, starting with a glider made from
mail order plans. This glider was pulled into the air by two horses and flown
behind the Douglas YMCA building. In 1909 a motor and propeller were put on the
airplane, making it the first powered airplane in Arizona. The airport's status
as the first international airport in the USA is confirmed by a letter from
President Roosevelt declaring it "the first international airport of the
Americas.”
Albany International Airport is the oldest municipal airport in the United
States[6]. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served
as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil
aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney,
Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the
world's oldest continually operating commercial airport.[7]. Rome Ciampino
Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender.
Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing
fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to
the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.
Following the war, some of these military airfields added commercial facilities
for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris - Le
Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first international airport to
open was the Croydon Airport, in South London, although an airport at Hounslow
had been temporarily operating as such for nine months.[8][9] In 1922, the first
permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was
built at Königsberg, Germany. The airports of this era used a paved "apron",
which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.
Airport distribution in 2008The first lighting used on an airport was during the
later part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These
indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colors and flash
intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was
introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating
an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect
altitude and direction.
Following World War II, airport design became more sophisticated. Passenger
buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in
groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the
facilities. But it also meant that passengers had to travel further to reach
their plane.
An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the
concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing
aircraft and serve to draw off excess water in rainy conditions that could build
up in front of the plane's wheels.
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft
traffic. Runways were extended out to 3 km (9,800 ft). The fields were
constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a
continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw
the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an
innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became
commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.
Modern runways are thickest in the area where aircraft move slowly and are
expected to have maximum load, i.e. runway ends. A common myth is that airplanes
produce their greatest load during landing due to the "impact" of landing. This
is untrue as much of the aircraft weight remains on the wings due to lift.
Runways are constructed as smooth and level as possible.
[edit] Airport designation and naming
Main article: List of airports
Airports are uniquely represented by their International Air Transport
Association airport code and ICAO airport code. International Air Transport
Association (IATA) airport codes are often abbreviated forms of the common name
of the airport, such as PHL for Philadelphia International Airport. Airports
sometimes retain their previous IATA code when an airport's name is changed.
Rafik Hariri International Airport in Beirut retains the IATA code BEY, from its
former name of Beirut International Airport (BEY is from its French name,
Aéroport International de Beyrouth).
The name of the airport itself can be its location, such as Hong Kong
International Airport. It can be the name of a celebrity, commonly a politician,
e.g. Simón Bolívar International Airport, Atatürk International Airport, Ninoy
Aquino International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport or
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Airports may also be named after a person
associated with the region it serves or prominent figures in aviation history,
such as Kingsford Smith International Airport, Will Rogers World Airport,
Liverpool John Lennon Airport, Imam Khomeini International Airport, or more
recently Belfast City Airport was renamed George Best Belfast City Airport in
memory of the football star who was born in Northern Ireland.
Airport names may include the word "International", reflecting their ability to
handle international aviation traffic, although the airport may not actually
operate any such flights; an example is Texel International Airport. Some
airports with international immigration facilities may also choose to drop the
word from their airport names (eg. Perth Airport, Singapore Changi Airport).
[edit] Low Cost Airports
In the recent past, low cost terminals have been built to cater for discount
airlines such as Ryanair. Now there are low cost airports under construction
such as Sindhudurg Airport in Maharashtra, India. [2]
[edit] Airport security
Main article: Airport security
Baggage is scanned using X-ray machines, passengers walk through metal
detectorsAirport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of
individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon.
Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, airport security has been dramatically
increased.
See also: Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks
[edit] Airport operations
[edit] Air traffic control
See also: Air traffic control
The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic
control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other
special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby
controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other
communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in
complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic
control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main
areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The
busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other
specialized ATC stations.
Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated
"movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage
trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, and a wide array of other
vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use,
which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and
when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to take off it will stop
short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control.
After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground
Control.
The apron from the top floor observation room, Halifax International Airport,
CanadaTower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled
airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to
locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on
pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of
aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and
leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must
also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other
traffic.
[edit] Traffic pattern
Main article: Airfield traffic pattern
All airports use a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the
U.S.) to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft.
Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a
rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs
forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs
pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one
specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 m or 305 m) above ground level
(AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to
the left. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a
mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit
helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps
reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.
At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather,
aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance
while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take
off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance
Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This
then allows airplanes to take the most direct approach path to the runway and
land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system
keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed
knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is
therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled
flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict
whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that
aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel
waiting in the air.
[edit] Navigational aids
Standard Visual Approach Slope IndicatorThere are a number of aids available to
pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A Visual Approach Slope
Indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are
equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the
direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring
equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off
airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In
poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the
runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The
number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning
System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for
instrument landings.
Larger airports sometimes offer precision approach radar (PAR), but these
systems are more common at military air bases than civilian airports. The
aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the
controller tells the pilot his position relative to the approach slope. Once the
pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.
[edit] Guidance signs
Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and
airport vehicles. Smaller airports may have few or no signs, relying instead on
airport diagrams and charts.
There are two classes of signage at airports, with several types of each:
[edit] Operational guidance signs
Taxiing aircraft at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, United
StatesLocation signs – yellow on black background. Identifies the runway or
taxiway currently on or entering.
Direction/Runway Exit signs – black on yellow. Identifies the intersecting
taxiways the aircraft is approaching, with an arrow indicating the direction to
turn.
Other – Many airports use conventional traffic signs such as stop and yield
signs throughout the airport.
[edit] Mandatory instruction signs
Mandatory instruction signs are white on red. They show entrances to runways or
critical areas. Vehicles and aircraft are required to stop at these signs until
the control tower gives clearance to proceed.
Runway signs – White on a red. These signs simply identify a runway intersection
ahead.
Frequency Change signs – Usually a stop sign and an instruction to change to
another frequency. These signs are used at airports with different areas of
ground control.
Holding Position signs – A single solid yellow bar across a taxiway indicates a
position where ground control may require a stop. If two solid yellow bars and
two dashed yellow bars are encountered, this indicates a holding position for a
runway intersection ahead; runway holding lines must never be crossed without
permission. At some airports, a line of red lights across a taxiway is used
during low visibility operations to indicate holding positions.
[edit] Lighting
Flood lights in front of the control tower at Sialkot International Airport,
PakistanMany airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and
taxiways at night or in rain or fog.
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while
red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of
white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some
airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run
down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an
Approach Lighting System, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use Pilot Controlled
Lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.
Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have
embedded green lights that indicate the centerline.
Obstruction Lighting
o Used to mark hazards
o Gives pilots a visual aid (usually creates a lane)
o Meant to be visible to pilots and not a disturbance to people on ground
[edit] Weather observations
See also: Surface weather observation, Automated airport weather station, and
Automatic weather station
Weather observations at the airport are crucial to safe take-offs and landings.
In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, have some
form of automated airport weather station, whether an AWOS, ASOS, or
AWSS.[citation needed] Most larger airports also have human observers to provide
additional observations to supplement the automated station. These weather
observations are available over the radio, through Automatic Terminal
Information Service (ATIS) or via the ATC.
Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance.
Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a windsock is also
kept in view of the runway.
[edit] Safety management
Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and almost
every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency
situations. Commercial airfields include one or more emergency vehicles and
their crew that are specially equipped for dealing with airfield accidents, crew
and passenger extractions, and the hazards of highly flammable aviation fuel.
The crews are also trained to deal with situations such as bomb threats,
hijacking, and terrorist activities.
NASA air safety experiment (CID project)Hazards to aircraft include debris,
nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such
as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal
which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris
using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and
enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions,
ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing
strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids
on the wings.
Many airports are built near open fields or wetlands. These tend to attract bird
populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of bird strikes.
Airport crews often need to discourage birds from taking up residence.
Some airports are located next to parks, golf courses, or other low-density uses
of land. Other airports are located near densely-populated urban or suburban
areas. In the 1980s, a conflict arose in San Jose, California, when a plane
attempting to land at Reid-Hillview Airport (built in the 1930s) collided with a
Macy's department store at the Eastridge Center. Many local residents tried to
get the airport shut down, even though it had been there for fifty years: their
neighborhoods (and the mall) were about a decade old.[citation needed]
An airport can have areas where collisions between airplanes on the ground tend
to occur. Records are kept of any incursions where airplanes or vehicles are in
an inappropriate location, allowing these "hot spots" to be identified. These
locations then undergo special attention by transportation authorities (such as
the FAA in the US) and airport administrators.
During the 1980s, a phenomenon known as microburst became a growing concern due
to accidents caused by microburst wind shear. (For example, see Delta Air Lines
Flight 191.) Microburst radar was developed as an aid to safety during landing,
giving two to five minutes warning to aircraft in the vicinity of the field of a
microburst event.
Some airfields now have a special surface known as soft concrete at the end of
the runway (stopway) that behaves somewhat like styrofoam, bringing the plane to
a relatively rapid halt as the material disintegrates. These surfaces are useful
when the runway is located next to a body of water or other hazard, and prevent
the planes from overrunning the end of the field.
[edit] Airport ground crew
An aircraft tow tractor moving a KLM Boeing 777Main article: Ground Support
Equipment
Most airports have ground crew handling the loading and unloading of passengers,
crew, baggage and other services.[citation needed] Some ground crew are linked
to specific airlines operating at the airport.
[edit] Environmental concerns
Aircraft noise is major cause of noise disturbance to residents living near
airports. Sleep can be affected if the airports operate night and early morning
flights. Aircraft noise not only occurs from take-off and landings, but also
ground operations including maintenance and testing of aircraft. Noise can have
other noise health effects. Other noise and environmental concern are vehicle
traffic causing noise and pollution on road leading the airport.
The construction of new airports or addition of runways to existing airports, is
often resisted by local residents because of the effect on countryside,
historical sites, local flora and fauna. Due to the risk of collision between
birds and airplanes, large airports undertake population control programs where
they frighten or shoot birds.
The construction of airports has been known to change local weather patterns.
For example, because they often flatten out large areas, they can be susceptible
to fog in areas where fog rarely forms. In addition, they generally replace
trees and grass with pavement, they often change drainage patterns in
agricultural areas, leading to more flooding, run-off and erosion in the
surrounding land.
Some of the airport administrations prepare and publish annual environmental
reports in order to show how they consider these environmental concerns in
airport management issues and how they protect environment from airport
operations. These reports contains all environmental protection measures
performed by airport administration in terms of water, air, soil and noise
pollution, resource conservation and protection of natural life around the
airport.
[edit] Military airbase
Main article: Airbase
An airbase, sometimes referred to as a military airport or airfield, provides
basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases provide facilities
similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in
Oxfordshire, England has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air
Force's scheduled Tristar flights to the Falkland Islands. Military airbases may
also be co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same tower/air traffic
control facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate
terminals, parking areas, hangars and shelter areas. Examples of this are
Bardufoss Airport/Bardufoss Air Station and Gardermoen Airport/Gardermoen Air
Station, both in Norway. A special variant of a military airfield is the
aircraft carrier.
[edit] Aircraft carriers
Main article: Aircraft carrier
The aircraft carrier is a warship that functions as a floating airport for
military aircraft. Aircraft carriers allow a naval force to project air power
great distances without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft.
After their development in World War I, aircraft carriers replaced the
battleship as the centrepiece of a modern fleet during World War II. Unescorted
carriers are considered vulnerable to missile or submarine attacks and therefore
travel as part of a carrier battle group that includes a wide array of other
ships with specific functions.
[edit] Airports in entertainment
Airports have played major roles in motion pictures and television programs due
to being transportation hubs, but also because of their characteristics. One
such example of this is the movie The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes
permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food
and shelter provided by the airport. Movies such as Airplane!, Airport, Die Hard
2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57,
Final Destination, Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me if You Can, Rendition and The
Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like
Lost, America's Next Top Model Cycle 10 also have significant parts of their
story set within airports.
Several computer simulation games put the player in charge of an airport. These
include Airport Tycoon and the sequels; Airport Tycoon 2 and Airport Tycoon 3.
There is also a Japanese series of games called Air Traffic Controller.
[edit] Airstrip
Busuanga airstrip, the Philippines
A light aircraft taking off from Rougham Airfield, United KingdomAn airstrip or
airfield is a kind of airport that consists only of a runway with perhaps
fueling equipment. They are generally in remote locations. Many airstrips (now
mostly abandoned) were built on the hundreds of islands in the Pacific Ocean
during World War II. Sometimes a few airstrips become full fledged airbases as
strategic or economic importance of a region increases over time.
[edit] Links
Air Strip America
Airstrip Junkies - A comprehensive listing of airstrips located throughout the
American West.
[edit] Airport directories
See also: Civil Aviation Authority and Aeronautical Information Service
Each national aviation authority has a source of information about airports in
their country. This will contain information on airport height, airport
lighting, runway information, communications facilities and frequencies, hours
of operation, nearby NAVAIDs and contact information where prior arrangement for
landing is necessary.
Australia
Information can be found on-line in the En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)
which is published by Airservices Australia, a government owned corporation
charged with managing Australian ATC.
Canada
Two publications, the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and the Water Aerodrome
Supplement provides equivalent information.
Europe
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL)
provides an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), aeronautical charts and
NOTAM services for multiple European countries.
Germany
Provided by the Federal Office for Civil Aviation of Germany.
France
Aviation Generale Delage edited by Delville and published by Breitling.
The United Kingdom and Ireland
The information is found in Pooley's Flight Guide, a publication compiled with
the assistance of the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Pooleys
also contains information on some continental European airports that are close
to Great Britain. National Air Traffic Services, the UK's Air Navigation Service
Provider, a public-private partnership also publishes an online AIP for the UK.
The United States
The US uses the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), published in seven volumes.
DAFIF also includes extensive airport data.
A comprehensive, consumer/business directory of commercial airports in the world
(primarily for airports as businesses, rather than for pilots) is organized by
the trade group Airports Council International.
[edit] See also
Airport infrastructure
Domestic airport
List of cities with more than one airport
List of countries by number of airports
List of countries without an airport
List of airports
List of aviation topics
List of hub airports
Model airport
NIMBY
Port
Regional airport
Total Airport Management Systems
World's busiest airport
Busiest airports in the United States
Heliport
[edit] References
^ CIA World Factbook
^ http://tripatlas.com/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport
^ USA Today newspaper, Oct. 17, 2006, p. 2D
^ Santos-Dumont coins word "Airport"
^ College Park Airport
^ Albany International Airport ALB :: ALB History cited 10 April 2009
^ Airport history
^ Croydon Airport
^ History of Croydon Airport
"Politics at the Airport," by Mark Salter (University of Minnesota Press, 2008).
This book brings together leading scholars to examine how airports both shape
and are shaped by current political, social, and economic conditions.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Airport
International Airport Times
Airports Council International (ACI)—industry group representing over 1,600
major airports.
Airport Railways of the World Interactive resource of over 300 airports with
rail links (available in 5 European languages).
Global Airport Directory
ACI 2006 annual report (PDF)—includes airport traffic information and forecasts.
History of aircraft landing aids
Airports
[hide]v • d • eCommercial air travel
Airlines List of all airlines · List of passenger airlines · List of regional
airlines · List of charter airlines
· List of "firms" with multiple IATA coded "certificated air carrier holdings"
Industry associations IATA · ICAO · ISTAT
Airline alliances Oneworld · Star Alliance · SkyTeam
Commercial airline destinations by continent
Africa North Africa:
Algeria • Egypt • Libyan Arab Jamahiriya • Morocco • Sudan • Tunisia • Western
Sahara (claimed by Morocco)
West Africa:
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea •
Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria • Senegal • Sierra
Leone • Togo
Central Africa:
Angola • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • Congo • Congo, Democratic
Republic of the • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa:
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi
• Mauritius • Mayotte (France) • Mozambique • Réunion (France) • Rwanda •
Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania, United Republic of • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa:
Botswana • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa • Swaziland
Asia Central Asia:
Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
Southwest Asia:
Afghanistan • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel •
Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syrian Arab Republic •
United Arab Emirates • Yemen
South Asia:
Bangladesh • Bhutan • India • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
East Asia:
China, People's Republic of • China, Republic of (Taiwan) • Japan • Korea,
Democratic People's Republic of • Korea, Republic of • Mongolia
Southeast Asia:
Brunei Darussalam • Cambodia • Indonesia • Lao People's Democratic Republic •
Malaysia • Myanmar • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Timor-Leste • Viet Nam
Europe Western Europe:
Austria • Belgium • British Crown Dependencies • Denmark • Faroe Islands
(Denmark) • Finland • France • Germany • Gibraltar (United Kingdom) • Greece •
Iceland • Ireland • Italy • Luxembourg • Malta • Monaco • Netherlands • Norway •
Portugal • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Central Europe:
Czech Republic • Hungary • Poland • Slovakia • Slovenia
Eastern Europe (including all of Russia and Turkey):
Albania • Belarus • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus •
Estonia • Latvia • Lithuania • Macedonia • Moldova, Republic of • Montenegro •
Romania • Russian Federation • Serbia • Turkey • Ukraine
North America Northern America:
Bermuda (United Kingdom) • Canada • Greenland (Denmark) • Mexico • Saint-Pierre
and Miquelon (France) • United States of America
The Caribbean:
Anguilla (United Kingdom) • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba (Netherlands) • Bahamas
• Barbados • British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) • Cayman Islands (United
Kingdom) • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Guadeloupe (France)
• Haiti • Jamaica • Martinique (France) • Montserrat (United Kingdom) •
Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) • Puerto Rico (United States) • Saint Kitts
and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago
• Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) • United States Virgin Islands
(United States)
Central America:
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Oceania Australasia:
Australia • Christmas Island (Australia) • Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) •
New Zealand • Norfolk Island (Australia)
Pacific Islands:
American Samoa (United States) • Cook Islands (New Zealand) • Fiji • French
Polynesia (France) • Guam (United States) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands •
Micronesia • Nauru • New Caledonia (France) • Niue (New Zealand) • Northern
Mariana Islands (United States) • Palau • Papua New Guinea • Samoa • Solomon
Islands • Tonga • Tuvalu • United States Minor Outlying Islands (United States)
• Vanuatu • Wallis and Futuna (France)
South America South America:
Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands
(United Kingdom) • French Guiana (France) • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname
• Uruguay • Venezuela
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"
Categories: Lists of airline destinations | Airport terminology | Airports by
type | Planned developments
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Budget
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hello Jusine Clinton :)
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
For the rental car company, see Budget Rent a Car.
For the insurance car company Budget, see Budget Group of Companies.
A budget (from French bougette, purse) is generally a list of all planned
expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and spending.[1] A budget is an
important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the
trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an
organizational plan stated in monetary terms.
In summary, the purpose of budgeting is to:
Provide a forecast of revenues and expenditures i.e. construct a model of how
our business might perform financially speaking if certain strategies, events
and plans are carried out.
Enable the actual financial operation of the business to be measured against the
forecast.
Contents [hide]
1 Business start-up budget
2 Corporate budget
3 Event management budget
4 Government budget
5 Personal or family budget
6 Budget types
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
[edit] Business start-up budget
The process of calculating the costs of starting a small business begins with a
list of all necessary purchases including tangible assets (for example,
equipment, inventory) and services (for example, remodeling, insurance), working
capital, sources and collateral. The budget should contain a narrative
explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of
the expected financial results of business activities. The assets should be
valued with each and every cost.
[edit] Corporate budget
The budget of a company is often compiled annually, but may not be. A finished
budget, usually requiring considerable effort, is a plan for the short-term
future, typically one year (see Budget Year). While traditionally the Finance
department compiles the company's budget, modern software allows hundreds or
even thousands of people in various departments (operations, human resources, IT
etc) to list their expected revenues and expenses in the final budget.
If the actual figures delivered through the budget period come close to the
budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been
successfully driving it in the intended direction. On the other hand, if the
actuals diverge wildly from the budget, this sends an 'out of control' signal,
and the share price could suffer as a result.
[edit] Event management budget
A budget is a fundamental tool for an event director to predict with reasonable
accuracy whether the event will result in a profit, a loss or will break-even. A
budget can also be used as a pricing tool.
[edit] Government budget
For more details on this topic, see Government budget.
The budget of a government is a summary or plan of the intended revenues and
expenditures of that government. The United States federal budget is prepared by
the Office of Management and Budget, and submitted to Congress for
consideration. Invariably, Congress makes many and substantial changes. Nearly
all American states are required to have balanced budgets, but the federal
government is allowed to run deficits.
The United Kingdom budget is prepared by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the
second most important member of the government, and must be passed by
Parliament. Parliament seldom makes changes to the budget.
[edit] Personal or family budget
For more details on this topic, see Personal budget.
In a personal or family budget all sources of income (inflows) are identified
and expenses (outflows) are planned with the intent of matching outflows to
inflows (making ends meet.) In consumer theory, the equation restricting an
individual or household to spend no more than its total resources is often
called the budget constraint.
[edit] Budget types
Sales budget: The sales budget is an estimate of future sales, often broken down
into both units and dollars. It is used to create company sales goals.
Production budget: Product oriented companies create a production budget which
estimates the number of units that must be manufactured to meet the sales goals.
The production budget also estimates the various costs involved with
manufacturing those units, including labor and material.
Cash Flow/Cash budget: The cash flow budget is a prediction of future cash
receipts and expenditures for a particular time period. It usually covers a
period in the short term future. The cash flow budget helps the business
determine when income will be sufficient to cover expenses and when the company
will need to seek outside financing.
Marketing budget: The marketing budget is an estimate of the funds needed for
promotion, advertising, and public relations in order to market the product or
service.
Project budget: The project budget is a prediction of the costs associated with
a particular company project. These costs include labor, materials, and other
related expenses. The project budget is often broken down into specific tasks,
with task budgets assigned to each.
Revenue budget: The Revenue Budget consists of revenue receipts of government
and the expenditure met from these revenues. Tax revenues are made up of taxes
and other duties that the government levies.
Expenditure budget: A budget type which include of spending data items.
[edit] See also
Budget crisis
Budget Day
Budget overrun
Budget surplus
Budget theory
Canadian federal budget
Chancellor of the Exchequer (UK budget)
Deficit
Envelope System
Personal finance
Strategic misrepresentation
United States budget process
Union budget of India
United Kingdom budget
Variance analysis (accounting)
Zero-based budgeting
[edit] References
^ Sullivan, arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 502. ISBN
0-13-063085-3.
http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=12881&level=4.
[edit] External links
Origin of the word
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget"
Categories: Budgets | Home economics
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